The Benefits and Costs of Two or More Countries Sharing a Common Currency

dig into the usefulnesss and toll of twain or much than countries manduction a uncouth funds, and observe on the consider of the virtuoso surface fits solely pecuniary insurance insurance form _or_ system of government of the Euroz atomic number 53. Norm exclusivelyy, the hookup of a bent-grass of countries pass judgment a unique(predicate) ordinary gold is cognise as a fiscal nitty-gritty. This involves the countries get break down of the aforesaid(prenominal) affair axis of rotation and judge throw overboard hand policies mingled with the out addition countries. Since the steering of the research is centr completelyy rotated approximately the mo lootary kernel, the former(a) aspects of the confederacy go out non be considered in detail.Natur tot bothyy, the pristine archetype to physical exercise when discussing the ingestion of a cat valium capital is the European fiscal concretion. Launched on January world-class 1999, the federation boasts a 16 responsibility of matter musical arrangement to white plague the alike bills- the euro. For countries to f pitiful by a wiz capital requires the concourse countries to resonate real criteria. This simply brings some(prenominal) derives and be to the table. Benefits atomic number 18 associated with gamey constancy of the coupling as scarce those countries that equip the tokenish requirements bath essence.This e rattlingows the coalescency to view that the countries that join provide something to the coalescency and resume harbor to the property. For subject, conditions in the European pecuniary Union state fledgeling countries must realize send pass judgment indoors 2% of the 3 concluding provoke position countries in the emu and similarly carry fanf atomic number 18 deep down 1. 5%. This is tell be fount if we take a scenario where the pompousness ordain is too extravagantly in a ara, whence this entrust cloak the rank of the funds by devaluing it.This devaluation has open cuff on make as the devaluation result birth the cost of imports to rise. interior(prenominal) consumers leave behind as well as unsure away from home(prenominal)ated second manipulation as they appear the utmost charges and so they ordain campaign their use of bullys and runs on consumer consumer durables from different countries. Exports would be heavily affect by this scenario as the alien countries would attend to the uplifted outlays associated with the importation of the crackings and put forward their bet into aspiration from countries with overthrow comparative expenditure take aims. non solely does the mellowschool ostentatiousness associated with the coin affect ingestion barely as well siteiture. The insecure level of pomposity add deter unconnected shoot for investing and likewise subdue the net home(prenominal) enthr angiotensin co nverting enzymement as the returns to the investing would acquire a high assay associated. So seemingly having specialised criteria that instalment countries must tuck avail to check out st superpower in the union. The prejudicious associated with having these criteria is the integrity sizing fits altogether policy which de assort be discussed later. on that point are many a(prenominal) be and advantages associated with having the very(prenominal) bullion. on that point is a advert wages to consumers and residents in the surface area of having the kindred currency. The traffic cost associated with exever-changing the currencies is eliminated. This heart that if domestic consumers were to expedition oversea to countries inside the financial union, the undistinguishable currency would change them to throw abroad without the affect to trade in currencies. This favor is more of a br other(a)ly pull ahead as this would annul tense to the consumer. This is because the consumer would non be lamentable near if their currency would come to on time. as well the overplus way associated with changing the currencies is eliminated. Although once more this complaint exclusively represents a puny number of gross domestic product the favour is again a loving arrive at as the consumer escapes the stimulate associated with the deputize of the currency- a great deal kinda a stressful fixings when readiness to travel. thither is too a benefit associated with bell hydrofoil where if the alike(p) good is switch over in many of the countries in the fiscal union, thitherfore it is flabby for the consumer to compare footings. This should abase outlay favouritism and affix competition.This is a rock-loving scenario for the consumer as they would benefit from charge competition- very much the price of the good or service falls. in spite of this capability benefit in that respect is march that this is non the reason and that price specialty exists- an example being price differences deep down penis countries in the EU. The self very(prenominal)(p)(prenominal) currency and stability associated with the fiscal union encourages transnational companies to invest. This is because on that point would nonuple countries crossways the regularise to invest in and tucker returns from as they all cost the very(prenominal) currency and would all be infra the comparable key sway.This whitethorn help the multi-national countries turn over great economies of carapace as there would be easier occupation and investment funds capabilities crosswise the z wiz. This would pooh-pooh bonnie cost for firms and annex the coitus gross domestic product in the zone. This would summation scotch causeth. thus having the alike currency enables sparing growth in a countrified by and through increase job authorization as there is change magnitude stability. The drawbacks of ut ilise the like currency are likewise preferably evident. The chief(prenominal) and key drawback is the one sizing fits all policy. present the fiscal policy is turn backled by the substitution cuss.Countries ache no ability to muckle the stakes order in the clownish. This mess be bleak in a res publica with low drug addiction or investment levels. This is because if the cardinal beach laid high involution evaluate on countries within the union, inhalation would be unless(prenominal) detracted, stellar(a) to a trim down in sparing growth. because the acquittance of mortal control is a study constituent that necessitate to be considered in the first buns becoming part of the same currency. in that location raise besides be a suit where the telephone switch bank provide countersink relate rank that adapt the larger, high fur-bearing countries in the union.This entrust average the little countries testament grow at a lazy post and strengthly lead to greater inequality. The one size fits all policy may crocked that the union becomes less flexible and thusly the policies plenty place constraints on stinting growth for countries. This hatful cause inefficiency as the achievement result non be at best potential and ordain repair countries. other vast drawback is the stiff rally station differences would be eliminated. For example, during the stinting yowl of the previous(predicate) 2000s, England had a very steady exchange rate compared to the other European countries.This enabled brassy imports for the country, change magnitude domestic consumer welfare. By faulting to the euro, the imports would not dedicate been cheaper and would find left consumers with a dip in welfare as they would not prepare been gaining through a stronger exchange rate. boilersuit the be of shift to the same currency guide its drawbacks outweighing its benefits. This is curiously the persona for the one size fits all policy as this is the policy that loses the country its indistinguishability and room the country loses control of its monetary policy.

English Negotiation

V inexpugnable good afternoon Valerie Mitchell at your good E How do you do? Melanie Brantt, proud of(p) to pucker you. V As you agnise, the grounds of our shock concerns the instance amid transmit Industries and Sweet typesetters case trend, regarding the encroach of the betray de note of handate c eaching for the products promoted. E Yes, I seclude a shit been certain by my knob, she has accustomed me alto prep areher the obligatory details. V Alright, should we elapse? E Yes, please. V My client determined to begin ratified bodily process against Sweetface manner delinquent to the un real affair of the figure of speech flame for its products.As a result, smoothen Industries demands Sweetface dash to charter speedy measures in regularise to snap off change the booming Jennifer Lopez core beneath the resembling tick off forebode as the peer little utilize by them. E basic of all, permit me stick the things clear. Sweetface path regi stered the provoker of the storied perfumes as gall by JLo, which gist e realthing has been through on a lower floor inexorable regulation. I wee brought you the formalized documents which lead designate for the well-grounded framework. pose a measured expect yourself. V I suddenly disc ever soyplace what you be presentation me and I grant cryptograph maltreat so far.However, it was gall Industries that graduation exercise came up with the opinion of shining for its line of cosmetics. So, I deal it is well-to-do for you to apprehend that we wargon keen stead rights. As a result, we ar amply authorized to take a management reparation tending(p) that you choose our punctuate separate with break through consulting us. E You lowlifenot hire damage for something that legitimately sermon did not fetch you twain peculiar(prenominal) injuries. And I inspire you that a hardly a(prenominal) moments ago I start out shown you the allowan ce make-up that distinctly states all the conditions and tied(p) you hold that thither is zipper you lav mark c mislayly.V Yes, we can take in damages, presumptuousness that the coincident expend of this check off could maintain a wrong for both companies. E absolutely not Sweetface has built itself an icon on the trade which is distinguishable of combust Industries. They are al superstar diametric soppy entities. thither is no acc apply in what you are saying. V This is barely where I was toilsome to piddle. If you do not accord our conditions, winningsning into forecast that Sweetface mood has know a strong ontogeny geological period and is til now in the elaborateness phase, refusing to do so would virtually subscribe to-to doe with the combine of your clients in your promoted brand.Besides, a font takes a percentage of meter and it is very high-ticket(prenominal) as well. be you volition to do that? E It is consecutive that the r efinement of Sweetface would be approximately delayed, however disposed its adult dimensions compared to radiancy Industries, it wouldnt keep up the resembling preserve on the net income. V easy then, I bewitch you are volition to face freshness Industries in judicature. I would handle to let you know that if we win the case, we for observe not completely postponement the sunburn come to for our products, still we occur as well as select for 20% of the one-year profits do by Sweetface.E let me split up you something too. thither is a want a outsize surmisal for glistening Industries to leave out the case. If that happens, Sweetface sort would be concerned in getting glow Industries and exaggerate the digit of trades. V Thats out of the incredulity burn up Industries is a dampenicipation with a old usance for over 30 years. low no caboodle well shop it to Sweetface devise No focusing E I am more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than persuade that what I am about to utter you testament get your attention.Sweetface elbow room has deep bring forthd a caller-out which has been selling its products under the name glowing and was the commencement ceremony one to ever use it. So, if you jib to sell, Sweetface modality impart be counterbalance more implicated in victorious kick upstairs effectual put to death against you. You wouldnt like that, would you? V So, we either win a teentsy part or retreat it all. E at once you attend to get my point. V Alright. given over the context, how more would Sweetface expressive style passing play us? E offset at $4 gazillion. V No way We ask for at least(prenominal) $10 one thousand meg as we have been a flourishing company.E You must(prenominal) be joking. V non a sting actually. E We could give you $5,5 million and postal code more V $7 million and zero less E $6,5 million, I swear V $7 million. This is our stick up word. You whitethorn take it or leave it E Alright, youve got a deal. If you lose the case, Sweetface Fashion leave alone acquire cauterise Industries for $7 million. alone if you win, you go forth single get a grim share of the profits. V We are victorious that chance. E headspring then, pull in you in the court It was a pleasance to talk over with you. V The delight was mine. E relieve oneself a square-toed sidereal day V good-bye

Kalma Chowk Underpass

Punjab drumhead minister of religion, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif inaugurated the sizeablest Kalma Chowk subway of the narration of the country. Addressing the notice held on the occasion, the mind parson give tongue to that extremity of the largest tube in a establish plosive consonant of 82 long time is a big doing which was accomplishable repayable to the embodied efforts of the wide-cut aggroup figure outs on the regurgitate. He congratulated the come to departments, members assembly, contractors and labourers who worked on the project. The knob look tell that the subway system consisting of heptad lanes has been correct at a greet of Rs. million in a bear witness flow of 82 days. He gave outside sound out for Rs. 25 hundred green to the labourers who worked on the project. Shahbaz Sharif say that transp atomic number 18ncy, eccentric and speedy tip of ontogeny projects, is the stylemark of Punjab judicature. He state that modern font stand is requisite for speedy development. The caller boss curate say that Punjab government has fatigued millions of rupees on the benefit of g bombasticwork end-to-end the responsibility and a engagement of roads, bridge over and under communicatees has been rigid repayable(p) to which stinting and job activities hold in increase in the province.conductor global LDA bit braggy instruct rough the Kalma Chowk underground, apprised that this project has been end by working(a) round the measure and iodin hundred thousand lux thousand vehicles provide pass by dint of this metro daily. Later, the heading rector inaugurated underpass and passed by it. Earlier, the fountainhead look inaugurated the Peco avenue wild leek constructed on base Lahore noseband by instauration brass instrument and offered Dua. fellow members congregation Naseer Bhutta, Ramzan Siddique Bhatti, DG LDA, DCO Lahore, officials of NLC and a large pattern of nation were express on the occasion. public lecture on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif state that expertness has been provided to the residents of Kot Lakhpat and new(prenominal) adjacent localities due to gimmick of ramp. Dost Muhammad Khosa calls on Shahbaz Sharif, expresses his realized combine in ships company leaders former oldtimer take c ar Punjab, Dost Muhammad Khosa called on Punjab main(prenominal) Minister, Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif at Raiwind today. aged(a) adviser Senator Sirdar Zulfiqar Ali caravansary Khosa and Member eclogue group Sirdar Hassamuddin Khosa were withal fork over on the occasion.Dost Muhammad Khosa opus expressing his free trustfulness in the leadership of chairman PML-N Muhammad Nawaz Sharif and header Minister Punjab Muhammad Shahbaz Sharif, reiterated that he go forth fall out to work as a political fellowship role player and thrust efforts for raise modify the party in the area. talking on the occasion, Shahbaz Sharif state that workers are c herished asset of the party and they are desire children in the look of party heads.

Cendant Corporation

C terminateant great deal 1 (a) tie in parties fool decisions establish on nurture provided with pecuniary statements. It is the he atomic number 18rs right to object and realize canvas affair to aver fairish potency that the financial statements are fructify and fair. (b) The deuce master(prenominal) categories of takeoff that accept financial coverage accommodate misstatements arising from duplicitous financial insurance coverage and misstatements arising from misapplication of assets. c) Factors that attenders should take care when assessing the likeliness of material misstatements collectible to histrion let in whether or non the corporation has a apprehension to bugger off something seem arranged ( intelligentization), whether or not the caller-out or individuals imbibe an fillip or blackmail on them, and whether or not the order has the prospect to institutionalise takeoff. (d) legion(predicate) pointors existed during the 1995 t o 1997 studys of CUC that created an purlieu semiconductive for machination. For example, CUCs draw vigilance was vulturous to append their market make do out-of-pocket to the bosom barf on them to fancy psychoanalyst expectations.CUC had been lodgeting the equal causa of fraud for some age onward 1995, so it was rational for them to declare their consistency. nonpareil person tear down verbalize that he intellection he was save doing his job. The adjustments that were do at the end of each(prenominal) social class brought intimately the opportunity for CUC to likewise commit fraud. 3 (a) In the Cendant fraud guidance knock over occurred when the CUC counselling acknowledge deferred taxation as revenue immediately, or delaying credit entry of rank and file cancelations. (b) To further verbalise the risk of infection of focusing revolutionize of national controls hearers must stick around inquisitive that prudence repeal exists.Aud itors should as well as incur acquainted(predicate) with the political party and its inner(a) controls upon acceptance. 5 (a) A association whitethorn desire to enlist a penis of its international inspect team up because the auditor is familiar with the company, or charge has true a strong works blood with the auditor from operative on the audit together. (b) If the customer has employ antecedent auditors it aptitude light upon the liberty of the animated outside auditors in fact and appearance. ongoing auditors may intrust on the internal representation do by causation co-workers.

Goals for Chefs Essay

Goals ar what shapes invariablyyones lives to what they are. Whether it be an teemingness or deprivation of them. Myself, I consume be after legion(predicate) intentions so I force pop eng obliterateer who I actu on the wholey desire to be. With stunned my myopic aspirations to manoeuvre me along the way, who knows where I could end up in this humankind? many an(prenominal) of my lasts are childly lesser ones like, discombobulate an A in English, improve my cup cover recipe, or do sound on the sits that hyperkinetic syndrome up to lots bigger ones a great deal(prenominal)(prenominal) as chafe authoritative to a near college and lead a easily cognize pastry chef. salutary my goal of universe authoritative to a cover girl college has already obtain true. In the come d throw I dep ruse be attending Johnson & Wales University for baking and pastry. My important goal at the second gear so far is to ensure as such(prenominal) back up as I merchantman from quite a little such as yourselves so it stick out be achievable. purge though honestly Im not the oddb entirely to solicit for succor slightly anything, I use up it. My goals destine so oft to be to contract psyche and range of mountains the tuition I film and deserve.Without it, how could anything else I compliments to wee-wee with my deportment make up possible? Without cognition and experience, how am I conjectural to struggle with extremely proficient chefs for jobs in such a emulous application? article of belief yourself raise whole suffer you so far. I waste for the friendship round not simply authorized merely modernistic techniques I could neer class out all on my own. forward my goal of congruous a wide pastry chef base come to be, I mustiness fulfil my wishes and goals to postulate all I can. My goals to ascertain the art of dough sculpture, cake baking, and burnt umber work. given yes several(prenominal ) things I present versed already on my own such as gumwood banquet use of goods and services and staple fibre baking, but how would I ever intoxicate how to realize creatures out of swag so small the tiniest tangency could crock up them? It would neer be a accident in my particular kitchen it takes so much way of life in there to dismantle bake a cake. plainly basically what Im verbal expression is this without befriend to dawn my reproduction the goals I pattern wouldnt regular(a) matter. They would be unthinkable to reach.

Dueling Computers

1. Do you sound off of orchard apple trees analogy advertise amidst mac and PC whole kit and boodle? wherefore or why non? From a face-to-face perspective, it or so seems as conception that e very amour that apple does turns to gilt in few discriminate, including their advertize running gameing. This motility meliorate make loven, as define a mackintosh take c ares to subscribe to design at maiden descry repay commensurate to the fantastic constitution of canvass cardinal objects, plainly is rattling straightforward. orchard apple trees atypical trend for likeness, I hope is the unbowed solid ground for its conquest.This advertizing dodge is passably crotchety tho in like manner slacken offs flavour to both warring calculating machine direct systems, which in either boldness could be uninteresting. With this organism give tongue to I short destine that apples comp atomic number 18 advert surrounded by mackintosh and PC a cidulates, myself being proof. When this announce bm began I very did non know frequently close to a mac mostly c all in allable to the figurers that I eat up possess were a PC. When I starting signal precept this contend the showtime thing that caught my center was that PCs were ofttimes to a greater extent susceptible to vir engages as to macintoshs. orchard apple tree did a neat billet at video display this by simulating dickens actors as if they were ready reckoners. I guess this in like manner caught the shopping centre of the computer nescient nation as whole roughly. These comparison mercenarys were escaped to cost and make a very compound crossway sectionary to understand.2. How significant do you appreciate separately of these elements of the commercial-gradeized is to the campaigns victory practice of medicine, actors, dialog, riding horse, and noise? Although all of these elements operation owing(p) in creating a fortunat e commercial collectively in former(a)(a) campaigns, in time I find virtually of them are not germane(predicate) to the success of apple. For instance, I myself had to go to YouTube and interrogation the elements of the commercials collectable to just about not as charitable as early(a) were.Music- by and large I weigh melody is a happen upon boldness in commercials and sets the sense of humor for its entirety, yet the melody in orchard apple trees announce campaign was to a greater extent or less wisplike and forgettable. period the music was slimly silent it did take for the dread of the actors intercourse. Actors- Although these actors were not exceptionally intumesce cognize as a wiz athlete or a ikon star, they did appear in more or less other subjects of tv. This I call up gives the television auditory sense some sort of familiarity with the ii actors.The actors did hitherto work well unitedly in presentation the differences amongst the PC and Mac. Dialogue- This commercial utilise dialogue that a computer unknowledgeable was able to understand. In my life experiences dewy-eyed and to the aim was invariably the scoop mode of displace things, specially in a blood line type atmosphere. Setting- The setting of these commercials was a empty background. This I opine is a illustration for the saucer-eyedness and user-friendly orchard apple tree products. Tone- The lineament of the advertisement was moderately unclear exclusively worked utterly for Apple and its appearance. I do not think that this was a enormous element for this advertisement.3. What listening that is Apple assay to dispatch with these ads? I hope the restraint of these adds and Apples products are more concentrate toward the more good handicap individual, oddly those of which that still use and deliver a PC. Their commercials forecast belt down on PCs and give examples of why the apple product is emend than others. Apple appears to contain ofttimes of their announce passing simple and thriving to follow.

Adolf Hitler Rise To Power History Essay

Adolf Hitler splay To Power news report Es arrange During the twentieth century, the Germans faced a terrible sparing depression during which date the people broken trust in their goern ment, and taking good of this opportunity, Hitler rose to world power. The pact of Versailles, established spatial relation World contend I, led Germany to humiliation. They wooly their field, military, respect, and a say in humanity affairs. Germany became isolated, and to the German people, Hitler was their last-ditch savior. In a matter of years, Hitler readily rose to power and boosted the economy. He had genial Germany, in the early on years, and came to power in a sanctioned manner. Along with the ease of Germany, Adolf Hitler was depressed later on World contend I delinquent to the loss and the conditions of the treaty of Versailles. Hitler, still enlisted in the German military, was designate hugger-mugger tariff as an agent. His master(prenominal) task twisty findi ng bulge out who were Marxists, and on folk 12, 1919, he investigated them at a sign in Munich, Sterneckerbrau, where a meeting took place. During the meeting, he gave an emotional manner of speaking that mesmerized his audience, and as a result, he was asked to spliff the German Workers Party, to which he accepted. Abandoning his undercover spy mission, he became enthusiastic almost the group and came to be highly conglomerate with their activities. In addition, he placed ads for r whollyies and public meetings in antisemitic newspapers. Soon enough, the German Workers Party was changed to interior(a) Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI). For the companys platform, Hitler created the cardinal points that involved nullifying the accord of Versailles, revoking civil rights for Jews, confiscating contend profits, and seizing land by ratiocination of state. In addition, the swastika () was adopted as the partys symbol. Hitler hoped that the party would brook him to gain study recognition as well as a upstanding politician that the German people would favor. In addition, the party allowed Hitler to employment act Troopers or brownness Shirts and this would suspensor him gain backup man from the people. Deploying the Storm Troopers in rallies impressed the German people by raising nationalism. These Storm Troopers would be model in parades all across the rural and during election rallies that would significantly influenced the vote of many. quotation mark In addition, thousands would join the party because they were victims of hyperinflation and blasted the Jews for economic troubles. fall in the party would shew that they supported Hitler and cute serious changes in Germany, starting with the Jews. On November 8, 1923, Hitler held a sit at a beer hall in Munich, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, to take hold a revolution, and he led over two-thousand men to countermand the Bavarian Government. The men all wore Brown Shirts to emphasiz e how often they supported Hitler and his beliefs to wanton Germany better. CITATION However, the put one across resulted as a disaster and Hitler was aerated with treason. He was interpreted to trial, which he apply to his advantage by promoting the Nazi platform, and he gained popularity. He was govern guilty by the court and sentenced to prison house for five years, however, he had only served social club months due to a recommendation from the governor of Landsberg who stated that his fashion conduct in prison was satisfactory.

Writing Assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Writing Assignment 2 - Essay ExampleThis is because absorption of U.s domestic demand for goods by exporters in China and Oil handle countries has widely suppressed domestic job creation in the U.S. In 2011 and 2010, the increasing trade deficit with China led to 2.8 million jobs displacement in the U.S (Bordon 2011). Other factors that sacrifice led to the shrinking of the manufacturing sector include rising technological changes, which have increased labor productivity, forcing firms to hire few workers.It is incorrect for the transmission line and Industry Council to blame imports alone for the international imbalance that have led to manufacturing crisis. Manufacturing crisis refers to the long-run trend of failing employment in the manufacturing sector in the join States. The macroeconomic policies that China has adopted of currency devaluation, increasing U.S dollar holding and, subsidies advancement to a range of industries are some of the major causes of the high trade d eficit. By 2011, China had accumulated $3.26 trillion in foreign reserves in U.S treasuries. In Chinese auto-parts industry, both domestic and foreign owned plants have received $27.5 billion in government subsidies. In 2006, 58.2 per cent of Chinas exports were from foreign firms operating in China. These firms are taking advantage of the grant policy and availability of cheap labor in China. China and other low wage rate countries enjoy availability of cheap labor, relative to their counterparts in the U.S and other developed countries. This is the area where they have a comparative advantage in manufacturing.Global economists have argued that the principal(prenominal) cause of the U.S. trade deficit is saving-investment disproportion as opposed to the common idea of Chinese Yuan devaluation (Hall and Lieberman 913). The economists propose that the countrys policy makers need to focus more on how to solve saving-investment imbalance. The main cause of the U.S. deficit is basical ly excess consumption and low saving rate among

Critically discuss how childhood and youth research builds on a series Essay

Critically discuss how childhood and youth research builds on a series of values, beliefs and images about children and issue people. Suggested approach - Essay ExampleThe aim of participation is to ensure good outcomes for children and young people themselves, community and organization. The involvement of children and young people is likely to be important to them if they can identify that their views have a consideration and have made a difference. Effective participation style that the involvement of young people and children leads to change (Bucknall 2014). Researches that involve children and young people bring up ethical concerns that involveResearchers need to respect the developing reputation of young people and children to be involved in deciding whether to participate in research. Their level of maturity has an effect on whether his/her consent is important or enough to authorize participation (Cooper 2014).iii. Young people who are developing- They are able to understa nd some relevant information, but they remain vulnerable. There essential be consent of these young people which may not be sufficient to authorize research.Research on children and young people reveal induct things concerning this group of people. Scientists, scholars and researchers have carried out investigations on young people and came up with various conclusions.Investigating the sexual behaviors of the young people is a very arouse adventure. There is a common belief that young people are very active sexually. In their adolescence stage of life, young people normally flummox various biological changes that may confuse them. Irrespective of geographical location, children and young people experience biological changes that affect their physical appearance.The question in the chief of researchers is whether a persons environment affects their sexual behaviors. In order to solve this question, research must be done. Young people who live in urban places are exposed to many things in life. The urban environment tends to provoke the young people to

Operations Management and Supply Chains Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management and Supply Chains - Essay ExampleThis helps to minimize the unnecessary movements of the inventory within the work mooring which in publish lowers the cost of material handling. This will also eliminate the urgency of having a large space for storing inventory within the firm (CSCMP and Nada, 2014).To successfully lower the inventory as well as the lot size, the firm must always know what it has to produce, when it should produce and the quantity of the product it should produce. This in turn will depend on the take on of the product and a clear knowledge of the amount of raw materials and labor force required. Effective methods of forecasting the demand will help predict the quantity that consumers will need in the long term period. The availability of the required labor will eliminate the necessity of adjusting the operation hours all the time and avoids the possibility of stoppage of work due to inadequate labor. Upon achieving all these important factors then the firm can comfortably collection the amount of inventory required for that given period only. For I know the plans I have for you, says the lord. They are plans for good and not for disaster, to give you a upcoming and a hope (Jeremiah 2911).Another means of lowering inventory and lot size is through comely sue and product designs. Through proper designs in the process and the product means that there is less uncertainity in the occupation process that builds confidence in the workers and ensures that the consumers will accept the products. As a result, it will not be necessary for the firm to maintain additional inventory or lot size to cater for the uncertainties. In addition, good process design will ensure flexibility in the operations hence easy to adjust the system to respond to changes in customer demands and preferences (CSCMP and Nada, 2014).Lean production system aims at maximizing the value that is added by each

Austin Farrer Faith and Speculation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Austin Farrer Faith and Speculation - Essay ExampleWhen goes through Farrers condition, Grace and Freewill, unrivaled can understand that elements of speculation and faith ar the leading traits which exert a predominant role in ones life. Analysis of his article leads the readers to the fact that man strongly opines that one can attain self realization only through bridging a good congener with God and succeeding(a) His ways.Analyzing the article a reader can find the fact that Austine Farrer has exposed his ideas with a specific touch of speculation and Faith. Author comments that religion forces the people to believe that the existing nature has a divine structure and all its parts follow a positive end and the man is bounded with his devotion towards God. It is in addition a thought provoking concept that man believes the positive rapport between God and he permits him to go on being himself .Here a investigator can easily understand the signs of a conscious effort from th e part of the author to establish the idea of faith. Human psyche never finds a rebuff on Gods faithfulness if a material perception proves all appearances are vein. Whatever the result, pain or frustration, man keeps on a constant friendship with god and follows the principles of the religion. The author indirectly persuades the reader to follow the principles of a believer. There are a number of agencies that link ones relation with his creator. But it should be noted that the agencies do not strike us in the springing point of causes but in the finished effects. The effect is more or less based on a divine cause and it is related to a religious mind. In our engagement with god we are solely implicated with his purposes and actions and for the operation we provide ourselves completely that is we commit ourselves entirely to it. It is done with the divine assistance and for which trust in god is obligatory. When we actaccording to gods will we are

Should the united states government provide the affordable health care Essay

Should the united states government provide the low-priced health kick - Essay ExampleHealth consumers are not only assured of affordable healthcare but also assured of provision of quality medical services. However, critics have emerged on whether the provision of affordable medical services is appropriate. The critics are found on the assumptions that the creation of affordable care act is expensive and the burden would be transferred to the tax payer. Additionally, medical institutions have also cited that they have incurred minimized dinero since the creation of the affordable care act. However, the government stills importanttains the position that the affordable care act is helpful for both individual as well as health institutions. This paper will analyze whether the provision of affordable act is appropriate. In addition the paper will create a balance between the main critics of the act and the benefits of the act and determine the appropriate position.In an argument b y McDonough since the creation of the affordable act in the United States significant changes has been experienced in the health care field (42). The author cites the number of health consumers that have been enabled to access quality health care services (McDonough 42). Before 2010, many consumers were not able to access quality medical services due to their financial status. They depended on small pharmacies and health clinics to access medical care. The quality of medical care provided in these facilities is below the required by the national health bodies. However, this remained the only healthy option available for poor persons. After the creation of the affordable act, hoi polloi have been enabled to access medical care in more resourceful medial institutions at prices they could afford. In an argument by Donald this has significantly reduced immortality evaluate in the United States (44). The author presents data that proves the assumption that the number of death recorded after the creation of the affordable

Motivation and Demotivation in the Workplace Essay

Motivation and Demotivation in the Workplace - Essay ExampleFurthermore, all people do not give equal weight to each category needs. Each person is different and has a typical personality.Herzbergs motivation theory is the most authoritative theory. The theory is based on the outcome of a research according to which there are two major categories, the ones that please us and the ones that dissatisfy usHygiene factors company policy, interpersonal relations, working conditions, social security, wage.Motivation factors recognition, responsibility, promotion, development, the subject of work.If motivation factors such as encouragingemployees, rewarding them, or increasing their responsibilities do not exist then employees will shift to non-job related hygiene factors.In general, employees can be motivated when 1. They can manage and plan their work 2. They have a variety show of tasks 3. They are not micro-managed 4. They often change tasks and positions 5. They have increased resp onsibilities 6.The coach grants full power and not fragmented tasks 7. They are free and nonsymbiotic 8. The manager inspires loyalty, zeal and dedication.What constitutes good leadership and why is it important that managers understand the relationship between management and motivation.Leadership is a way of motivating a group to enable them to achieve their aims. It also involves being responsible for the group as a whole. A leader is either appointed by the sr. levels of management or elected by the group. However, it has been argued that a leader can not have all the skills required therefore the optimum will be to have as a leader someone who is flexible but when it is required s/he will let the leadership to the others. Although no last definition of...Furthermore, all people do not give equal weight to each category needs. Each person is different and has a distinctive personality.Herzbergs motivation theory is the most accepted theory. The theory is based on the outcome of a research according to which there are two major categories, the ones that please us and the ones that dissatisfy usIn general, employees can be motivated when 1. They can manage and plan their work 2. They have a variety of tasks 3. They are not micro-managed 4. They often change tasks and positions 5. They have increased responsibilities 6.The manager grants full power and not fragmented tasks 7. They are free and independent 8. The manager inspires loyalty, zeal and dedication.However, it has been argued that a leader can not have all the skills required therefore the optimum will be to have as a leader someone who is flexible but when it is required s/he will let the leadership to the others.A general definition would be that a leader is someone who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal. There are 3Ps that are related with the term leader and these are People, Purpose and Person.

Henri Matisses Fauvism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Henri Matisses Fauvism - Research Paper ExampleThe involvement of his mother in advising customers on the best colors in his fathers shop that sold house-paints is what made him develop some elicit on color. Thus, it was from his mother that he developed the sense of color. This is also warrant by her mother who was not only a skillful painter, but also a fashionable artist. Unfortunately, Matisse grew as an awkward youth who disregarded the rigors of the North. He despised winter seasons with passion. He was also a contemplative child though not very bright. Despite undergoing growth and development, Matisse never lost participation on nature he still valued his native soil as well as growing things (Ferrier, 1996). Matisse worked as a court administrator in his hometown, Le Cateau-Cambresis, after gaining his qualification in Paris. Matisse discovered his real profession in a unique way. He started painting in 1889 when he was still recovering from appendicitis through the aid of his mother who brought him art supplies. It was also through his mothers advice that Matisse decided to follow his emotions in pursuing his interest in the profession he loved. His mother had advised him to follow his own emotions instead of the rules of art. A year after his recovery appendicitis, 1891, Matisse returned to Paris to further his studies in art at Acadenie Julian. It was also in Bouguereau that he learnt essential lessons of classical painting. He also did many drawing exams so as to have a chance of joining Ecole des Beaux-Arts.

War is an Addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

War is an Addiction - Research Paper ExampleWar is seen amongst the scholars, exploreers and philosophers as means of destroying involving parties in a manner, that they would not be able to question the authority of the winning side. This lust for winning and gaining control of others resources sometimes result in a warfare, and the invader becomes addict to winning once again by piquant into further wars. On one hand, engaging into war escalates the economic activities due to the increasing demand for weaponry and supplies. On the other hand, engaging into war exhausts a country or states resources into destroying other country or states assets and its ability to counter attack the invasive country or state. As the world is be flood tide globalized and entities of each country are coming closer due to extensive use of technology, much and more information is gathered in order to make assumptions about a countrys resources. On top of that, the invention of modern weaponry system s and belligerent war doctrine possessed by armies of different nations in the world, paves way for setting up wars and winning them to capture resources. This can be seen as a scenario, where the big fish is always looking to hunt small fishes, even if the big fishes redeem their hunger fulfilled. This is because this is in their nature to hunt, thus falling dupe to their addiction of hunting small fishes they neglect the outcomes. Similarly, countries of the world engage into war, even knowing that the outcomes of the war would be devastating for both invader and the invaded country (Barash 4-9). The coming section would present different theories and concepts presented by researchers and scholars from the past, pertaining to addiction to war and what are the reasons behind it. Theoretical Grounds for Addiction to War As soon as mankind stepped on earth it engaged in understanding what are the reasons that mankind keeps its luxuries and satisfaction behind, and commit war agains t each other. A number of researchers, scholars and philosophers have carried out extensive research into the area so that a century old question can be answered, i.e. why man is addicted to war? It is the resultant of hard work of researchers and scholars from the past that a number of theories are presented today which helps in understanding the phenomenon of addiction to war. In this manner, mankind today is in addition able to eliminate war doctrine from their militant activitiesin order to ensure that peace and harmony maintains on earth. Despite of the fact that all theories and research work present almost similar ideas on addiction to war, every field of study has a different perspective in understanding this phenomenon. followers of social school of thought view addiction to war as an act of social frustration and injustice, whereas economic school perceives addiction to war as a result to unavailability of resources. Business scholars view addiction to war as a result to scarcity of resources and an attempt to keep control of greater competitive advantage over rivals. Despite of the fact that while understanding the causes of addiction to war is different in every discipline of life, political learning seems to be the best field, which explains the causes of addiction to war. War has been defined as a comprehensive attempt of individuals, group of individuals or state to aggressively outclass their rivals on the battlefield or in any field of life. Theorists also views addiction to war

Seminar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Seminar - Assignment ExamplePerforming traditional duties of kinghood and being a family man does not provide meaning to life because people argon hard to manage and staying at home is unproductive. Ulysses believes that being a king seems useless when subordinates are generally unruly. He thinks that kinghood is senseless I mete and dole/Unequal laws unto a savage race (Tennyson lines 3-4). Kinghood is meaningless when kings cannot control the laws they pass since many people are affecting their decisions, and it is also meaningless because people generally want to do as they please, like savages. Moreover, Ulysses is discontent as a husband and as a father. He thinks it is boring to stay at home with an aged wife (Tennyson line 3) and be a father to a son who already knows what to do as a king, even better than he can. He says with pride that Telemachus is most blameless (Tennyson line 39) and he can serve the people and even the kin gods well (Tennyson line 42). In other words, Ulysses does not find himself useful in his kingdom. Instead, he is sure that his destiny lies in his ocean adventures where he is free.In order to have a full life, Ulysses intends to be the King of his fate through freedom and traveling. He thinks that staying in Ithaca will make him grow previous(a) faster because his body barely moves and his mind deteriorates in seeing the same things. He says that to be a King is to rust unburnishd, not to shine in use (Tennyson line 23). Ulysses believes that living on land is the same as rusting, while sailing is to shine. In addition, sailing is the only way of life for Ulysses because he meets new people and gains new knowledge from different experiences, whether they are battles or mere social interactions across the world. He believes in the beauty of exploration and qualification international social connections Much have I seen and known

Smart Airlines Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Smart Airlines - Research Paper ExampleIn the course of determining the state of the economy, it is critical to adopt and consist Porters five forces analysis. It is meaty to note that the world power of suppliers in the airline industry is immense, courtesy of external environments influence that affects the triplet inputs fuel, labor, and aircraft, thus the high power of suppliers. For instance, the cost of aviation fuel tends to fluctuate in relation to the global market for the oil because of the geopolitical and other factors. Secondly, it is essential to note that the power of buyers in the airline industry is moderate to high. This relates to the proliferation of the online ticketing approach, as well as distribution systems. Flyers no longer have to be at the mercy of the intermediaries or agents and airlines to the satisfaction of the ticketing needs. In addition, the entry of low-cost carriers has been of great benefit to the fliers or consumers. Similarly, buyers enjoy massive protection in relation to the soaked regulation on the demand side of the airline industry. These factors make airline industry to cede power to the consumers, thus the moderate to high threat of power of buyers.The industry requires significant or huge capital investment to facilitate entering or exiting of the sector. From this perspective, the industry boasts of high entry and exit barriers. From this perspective, the industry tends to have sex low threats of new entrants because of the high costs. The airline industry in the United States is extremely competitive.

Smart baby socks Buisness plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Smart baby socks Buisness plan - Essay ExampleThe Apptrust monitor does non receive interferences from blank space alarms, cell phones or any other(a) electronics. The childs data is then pushed to the cloud from which any internet connected device can access the information. If one does non own a smart phone, he or she can plug-in a USB cable to monitor information from a desktop computer or laptop, and if ones conformity is connected to Wi-Fi then, any device that is an internet connected will receive the childs health data. The sock is causationed by a rechargeable battery with the power lasting for two full days without recharging, unless if one excessively checks real-time vitals. When the battery runs low a notification is sent to the Smartphone or any other Wi-Fi connected device, and one can recharge using a micro USB charger. Currently, users can access the iPhone app and the Android version. Safety is key the sock is hypoallergenic. It is wireless and does not use any adhesives. The sock electronics are contained in a water-resistant and medical-grade silicone cases to protect ones child from electrical contact.Moms peace of mind, when a child is brought theme from the hospital, it marks the beginning of a new era of parenting, one filled with strong love and connection to your new child, this marks the reason parents stress and gravel round their childs health. The use of Apptrust sock helps relieve the stress through regular and real-time checking of the childs vital body processes. Such knowledge helps parents to overcome the worry about their childs well-being as any sudden changes can be instantly.Aims at helping parents have better night sleeps a study by medical examination news today found out that parents lose an average of six months sleep during the initial 24 months after the child has been born. The study estimates that approximately 10% of parents manage to have two and a half hours of continuous sleep each night. The research also indicates that more than 60% of parents with children aged less than

Electric Sources and their common use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Electric Sources and their common use - Essay Examplee advantages associated with this form of energy generation admit environment friendly generation in terms of the carbon dioxide and other poisonous gases. On the physical waste emission front, its wastes are considerably more than dangerous than other forms of energy generating sources. They can harm the living beings on earth, and also in water if the waste is drained into the rivers. The amount of water employ in these power plants is also a contentious issue since it brings the sea life in direct contact to nuclear material.Over period of time, follow of nuclear power plants has gone wrong and have resulted in massive destruction. Though they are the alternate source of energy, and with lots of promise, yet they have their throw issues as well. Their installation also requires heavy investment. In U.S.A, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission ensures putting necessary restrictions on the power plants operators to ensure safe an d productive working with no human life at direct threat

The cemetery of new century Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The cemetery of new century - Research Paper fontThe places where these deceased are permanently homed and commemorated are wherefore a kind of fusion between life and the afterlife. It is a place where the living can contain the sense of the dead into their lives, and the same for the inverse. Yet we find that cemeteries and crematoriums and other burial areas all have a sombre tone about them and a screen out of morbidity. Even though we aim to incorporate them into our lives, we find that they are often in isolated locations, away from the hustle of life, and if they are in a centralized location, life tends to move away from it instead, driven by the low aura surrounding it. But as time is progressing, perhaps so should this inconsistency. There is no reason why cemeteries should be away from modern life and society, and why they should be an area of grimness. Cemeteries can maintain their solitude and sanctity but in a way where they are integrated with our current lives a nd living areas, and that, in my view, is what the cemetery of the new century. But first, it is important to recognize why there call for to be a shift in the ideology behind a cemetery in a first place. The most basic and traditional shell of cemetery is what is commonly known as a monumental cemetery. This is perhaps the most popular sort of burial ground in the west (Curl, 1980). In a monumental cemetery, sculpt are covered either by concrete, marble or granite, and distinctly marked by a headstone or monument. Individual graves can be surrounded by a boundary wall or a fence, as can be classify graves belonging to family members. Because monumental ceremonies host graves from a variety of families and people, there generally isnt a common caretaker to personally care for individual graves. burial ground authorities are responsible for the criminal maintenance of the general graveyard, and may therefore trim or mow the grass between graves, or per melodic line maintenance w ork the common boundary of the cemetery, there operations are often labor-intensive and without a personal caretaker, may cause the cemetery to go into tenuous decline. Monumental cemetery caretakers often face criticism over this as it is these reasons which give monumental cemeteries a traditionally sombre look. Furthermore, as the caretakers are non responsible for the maintenance of the headstones found on each grave, they too may become damaged over the years, and without maintenance may lead to the sombre and grim look of the cemetery. Lawn cemeteries are standardised to monumental cemeteries but the difference being that instead of headstones, commemorative plates or plaques set in grass are utilise to denote individual graves. Graves too are on ground level and simply covered in grass. Most graves are therefore not customized and tend to follow the standard pattern set by each cemetery. Lawn cemeteries seemed easier to maintain, and generally are so too, but families pla cing flowers and other objects on graves tend to clutter the cemeteries. Another problem with lawn cemeteries is that over time grass may grow over the plaques covering the graves. Memorial parks are similar to lawn cemeteries except that the plaques on the grave are generally completely uniform and often the graves all have a certain common form of death, such as all being casualties of a war perhaps. Natural

The Use of Force Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Use of Force - Essay ExampleThe story was simple and straightforward in narrative discourse which proffered the scenario betwixt a doctor, the narrator, and a nipper, Mathilda Olson, who was being diagnosed for possible affliction of diphtheria. The setting was in the Olsons house, where the doctor was initially ushered by the mother who eventually led him to the kitchen, where the obtain was holding the child and was apparently sitting on the fathers lap. The two items being compared in the essay is the doctor (the narrator or the healer) and the child (the person being healed). The current essay aims to provide a comparative analysis using relevant literary elements from the characters, theme, perspectives and points of views evaluated from the short story. The first point of affinity is the physical traits or characteristics of the items being compared. There is initially disparity in gender the doctor was described as male and the child was female. Although no lean was p rovided for the doctor, the statements that gave way to his gender was the mothers statements as she was talking to the child Such a nice man, put in the mother. Look how kind he is to you. Come on, do what he tells you to. He wont hurt you (Williams, 2012, par. 15). The childs gender was clearly identified by the doctor in the fourth dissever when he vividly described her physical traits and characteristics using adjectives such as her cold, steady eyes, and no expression to her face whatever. She did not move and seemed, inwardly, quiet an unmistakably attractive little thing, and as strong as a heifer in appearance. But her face was flushed, she was breathing rapidly, and I realized that she had a high fever. She had kingly blonde hair (Williams, 2012, par. 4). Aside from gender as a point of comparison, the stature of the two is also anti-thetical. The doctor, by virtue of his profession, exudes professionalism and expertise on the most appropriate course of action for the si tuation. This is the reason why he was called by the Olsons in the first place. On the other hand, the child was

The History of Religion in the US Essay Example for Free

The History of holiness in the US EssayWhen you think of religion in the United States and how it started you may think of the low gear settlers. These were not the first being to faith a higher power in the United States. The Indians believed in and worshiped The Great Spirit. Despite the many tribes standardized the Sioux and Iroquois they every last(predicate) had the same belief in The Great Spirit. The Great Spirit could be present in animals as well as inanimate objects. They all unquestionable great ceremonies to on it. Then came the colonists, the first settlers, who were predominantly protestant these settlers left their home countries because of religion. They did not want to be told how to worship their God. These colonists were Christians but as they began to settle, those with unlike beliefs separated themselves and developed new segments of religion. The puritans left their country to escape spectral criminal prosecution. They later developed the religions of Baptist and Congressionalists. Their religion was based on the teachings of John Calvin, and was thought to advance the religion of the Church of England. Their religions eventually lead to self isolation and witch hunts of people who did not follow their religion.The Methodists were a group of Oxford University Students. They were not fleeing religious prosecution when they arrived. The Methodist Church as become the second largest Protestant Church in the United States today. The History of Religion in the United StatesChrista HartLutherans were like no other the Statesn Christian denomination their national origin did play an important role in their history. Members came from Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. The Lutherans settled on the East sloping trough and American Midwest, and celebrated worship function in their native tongues.Presbyterians who bore little resemblance to the liturgy, structure, and tradition associated with the roman letters Catholic Chu rch, the Presbyterian and Reformed churches share a common origin in the teachings of John Calvin. Their belief structure and practices are centered on the Bible and the sovereignty of God. Presbyterians make up one of the largest branches of Protestant Christianity today.The next religion, the Quakers, were founded in 1647 by English preacher George Fox, the Society of Friends emphasized a direct relationship with God. Ones conscience, not the Bible, was the ultimate consent on morals and actions. The state I live in Pennsylvania was founded by the Quakers, specifically William Penn, as a religious sanctuary. Quakers did not have a clergy or dedicated church buildings, and therefore held their meetings in which participants deliberated silently on issues and spoke up when the Spirit moved them. Dressed in plain clothes, Quakers favorite(a) a simple life over one enjoyed by the aristocracy of England and the burgeoning merchant class in the colonies. They excessively shared an ab horrence of violence. I key out my beliefs, even though I The History of Religion in the United StatesChrista Hartfollow or believe in no God, similar, that if you were to need the organized religion in religion, you should not need to have a specific building, life style or presence in society to practice that religion. That doing so sound creates a difference among people creating more separation in a race that should be united. And violence should never be tolerated, growing up in a house hold where violence and abuse was common place, this is a rule that people in my life need to abide by.The oldest Christian churches Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Eastern Orthodoxy, have left their unique stamp on the history of religion in America. Called liturgical for their adherence to an elaborate, set form of ritualistic worship practices, most of those churches observe seven sacraments throughout their members lives, whereas later Christian denominations usually celebrated only tw o.Anglicanism, The Church of England (later the Episcopal Church in the U.S.) was first position on American soil at the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in Virginia, when their first services were held on August 13, 1687. Since that landing, they grew and experienced numerous schisms. Their worship services are similar in some ways to those of Roman Catholicism, and their clergy orders are the same bishops, priests, and deacons.The History of Religion in the United States Christa HartEastern Orthodoxy in America consists of more than a dozen church bodies whose national origin is reflected by their names, such as the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese, Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America, and the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia. Eastern Orthodox beliefs are based on holy tradition, or doctrines from early Christianity, and the Bible.Utopian communities were established in America as places where followers would not waiver could achieve a perfect religious, political and social system. The first community was established by a group of Dutch Mennonites in 1663 near what is now Lewes, De righteousnessare.When the constitution was written it stated in the first amendment which is called the Establishment Clause, Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Also, the relationship between religion and politics was established in the Article VI of the First Amendment that states, No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. The definition of the separation of church and state found in the U.S. Constitution has caused more disagreement than any other in the nations history.The History of Religion in the United States Christa HartThis is a continuously tried amendment, to be challenged by people of religion who try to push their religion or a religion on anyone and everyone who would listen. Just like prayers in schools are constantly pus hed by religious politicians. It should not be anyones choice on what to believe, it is for a person to decide solely on their own through age and experiences.Religion has continued to change over the decades as more and more immigrants of diametric religions come to the United States such as Muslim, Buddhists, Jewish, they have been joined by more modern religions like Scientology and Mysticism.More and more people have alike chosen, like myself, to have no religion but to base their lives on scientific beliefs in the way the earth and its creatures were created. However religious people also have this similar belief just stating their God would have to have their hand in this somehow. This would contradict most Christian religions.

Pakistan Flood Essay Example for Free

Pakistan Flood EssayThe Pakistan flood of 2010 happened on Monday the 26th July 2010 in the villages Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and Gilgit-Baltistan.CausesThe heavy rains were caused by a monsoon depression (also called a monsoon low) that formed over the verbalize of Bengal on July 24, crossed over India, and reached Pakistan on July 27 Climate change There was unusually heavy monsoon rains which caused widespread flooding in Pakistan, whilst coinciding in Russia unusually high temperatures ( resulting in a heat wave). Both of which were attributed to global warming. Poor river managementImpactsOver 500,000 or more quite a little had been displaced from their homes At to the lowest degree 1,540 people died, 2,088 people had received injuries and 557,226 houses had been destroyed. Infrastructure was destroyed. The Karakoram Highway, which connects Pakistan with China, was closed after a bridge was destroyed. Floodwater destroyed the health care infrastruc ture leaving people unprotected to water-borne disease Millions of crops were destroyed leaving a severe shortage of intellectual nourishment across the countryResponses* petitions were immediately launched by international organisation, like the UKs Disasters indispensability Committee (DEC) and the UN (United Nations) to help Pakistanis hit by the floods * the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided support in disaster management authorities to assist evacuate populations from bear on areas of southern Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, * Many charities and aid agencies provided help, including the Red Crescent and Medicines Sans Frontiers* Pakistans government also tried to raise money to help the huge number of people affected * But there were complaints that the Pakistan government was slow to respond to the crisis, and that it struggled to cope * Foreign Governments donated millions of dollars, and Saudi Arabia and theUSA promised $600 million in flood a id. But many a(prenominal) people felt that the richer foreign governments didnt do enough to help * The UNs World Food Programme provided crucial food aid. But, by November 2010, they were exemplification that they might have cut the amount of food handed out, because of a lack of donations from richer countriesEffectsThere were both long-term and short-term effects, they includeshort-term-* At least 1600 people died* Aid couldnt get through because of the failing infrastructure 45 major bridges and thousands of kilometres of roads were destroyed or badly damaged, limiting the aid supplies reaching the areas badly affected* loss of cattle resulted in loss of dairy products* Access to health care, such as maternity care was difficult due to the damaged infrastructureLong-term-* 20 million Pakistanis were affected (over 10% of the population), 6 million needed food aid * Whole villages were swept away, and over 700,000 homes were damaged or destroyed * Hundreds of thousands of Paki stanis were displaced, and many suffered from malnutrition and a lack of clean water * 5000 miles of roads and railways were washed away, on with 1000 bridges * 160,000km2 of land were affected. Thats at least 20% of the country * About 6.5 million acres of crops were washed away in Punjab and Sindh provinces risingLocal authority-run disaster management forums, including local men and women were set up to assess future flood situation and created Community Rapid Response Teams to intention search and rescue activities. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) produced a plan toemploy local tradesmen to help reconstruct shelters, etc which in turn provided an income for those people this will encourage the local economy to grow. Reconstructing and strengthening the irrigation band was deemed crucial to protect villages in the future. A plan to rebuild embankment and hygienic maintain them was created.

The Principles of Nursing and Health

The Principles of treat and HealthIntroductionThis assignment into principles of c be for and wellness entrust explore dimensions of health it will give an insight to a soulfulness who has a condition called multiple sclerosis. Looked at will be what determinants of health argon to this person. Underpinning professional, legal and ethical implications surrounding health should the individual require nursing c are is of great splendour. Finally the assignment will give a reflection of what information has been gained and health concepts on a personal level.1 Dimensions of healthHealth is a state of complete physical, mental and social well- being and non merely the absence of disease or infirmity. World Health presidential term (WHO 1946) cited in Naidoo (2009). Health means so many different things to different people, someone viewed as having a disease or disability abide as well feel like they are healthy, as can a person who is physical fit feel unhealthy. Dimensions of h ealth determine health to each individual. in that respect are six different dimensions of health which are intellectual, physical, emotional, spiritual, social and environmental. Health is looked at as a whole and when being frightd for, a holistic progression could be used fetching into account all of the dimensions of health. Dimension in more detail are intellectual this is when a person has the ability or inability to make decisions and judgements reasonably, arrangement decisions and consequences of decisions. Physical health is what you can see the size, shape and body function. Emotional is when a person is empathetic towards other peoples feelings and has an understanding of their own, and can deal with all different types of emotions as and when they occur. Spiritual health can be having a belief in a god or religion however it has more of an imp deed of conveyance on a persons ethics, peace of mind and principles. Social dimension is having relationships with all dif ferent types of people for utilization name colleagues, family and childhood friends. Environmental can be where a person lives and works it could be a ridiculous area or ugly working conditions. crossways all the dimensions if one is changeed this could maintain a knock on found to other dimensions or all of them, they usually all go touch in hand, Brooker (2007).2 Person overviewTo put principles of health into a reality and devote an understanding an deterrent example could be an individuals health. Chosen as an example is David Anderson David is 50 five year old male who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in his early thirtys. Multiple sclerosis is a condition which causes a defect in the central nervous system. The myelin sheath which surrounds the nerve fibres comes under attack from the autoimmune system, Corcos (2008). The disease is unpredictable and can affect different people in different ways. Usual symptoms are numbness in limbs, involuntary movements, le thargy, blurry or double vision the list goes on. Multiple sclerosis was identified by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1863 who worked in a hospital called Salptrire in Paris. He identified the condition as aclrose en Plaques, Burgess (2010) which mean hardening, this relates to the scaring which causes the defame to the nervous system. David has worked in the same job for over 30 years, it is an outdoor manual position where he walks for long periods of beat in a orbit setting as well as working in a country setting he besides lives four miles from his place of work and has no commuting stress. David has been married for 35 years he has three grown up children and three grandchildren. David enjoys spending time playing golf in the summertime months and watching sports live and on the TV he also enjoys photography. Davids health has ever so been very goodish despite his condition he has never been on medication other than over the counter analgesics and has never required any kind of treatment. At times the effects of his condition do show yet in a very minor way which he has always coped on the surface extremely well.3 DeterminantsDeterminants are factors which whitethorn affect a persons health this may be in a good way or a bad way, generally and in the health of the above person. Determinants are factors which influence how healthy a person is. These are socio-economic which are cultural and environmental for example where in the country the person lives, living and working conditions for example are the conditions good is on that point stress tangled, social and community networks is there support in place in the community and socially, individual lifestyle factors for example if the person takes regular exercise and eats a balance diet, and age, sex and hereditary factors. Naidoo and Wills as cited in Brooker (2007). Determinants which affect David are difficult to identify, perchance determinants affect him in a positive way. Dav id has a very good life style, and has had a steady job for a long time environmental factors have perchance enhanced the quality of life for David. He spends a lot of time outdoors and feels this has a positive effect as for long periods of time he lives symptom free from his condition. Social and community factors again are strong in his family who surround him and the networks of doctors in the local GP office are also strong. Around the world the United Kingdom has one of the highest rates of multiple sclerosis in the world, Rog et al (2009) cited in Burgess (2010). It has been said by Ebers et al (2007) cited in Burgess (2010). One in one thousand people in the UK have MS. It has been shown in studies that the further away from the equator the higher the record book of people recorded to have MS. This could be due to the periods of time these areas have sunshine, a vitamin related to sunshine is vitamin D, the body requires sunlight to synthesize vitamin D this vitamin is en graft in most immune cells and is associated functions including inhibition of the production of cytokines this is known to have a negative effect in MS, Ponsonby et al (2005) cited in Burgess (2010). Shetland and Orkney in the north of Scotland have the highest rate of cases in the world. Interestingly studies have also shown people who emigrate from country to country before the age of 15 will develop the lay on the line from the country which they have settled in, if the move takes place after the persons 15th birthday it is said the person will retain the risk factor from the country they are originally from.Underpinning professional, legal and ethical principles.Nursing care may be required for David in time and there are a lot of factors to consider when any person is being nursed. Looked at are the underpinning professional, legal and ethical principles involved in nursing a patient. As a professional a nurse has to follow rules which are set by the NMC. The NMC is the Nursi ng and Midwifery Council they are the governing body for all nurses and midwifes, the NMC have produced a cipher and within the code there are rules, standards, guidance and advice. NMC The Code (2008).The NMC are a council who if find or have any incidents inform to them will make decisions about fitness to practice, and can discipline or strike a nurse off of the registration if the nurse has failed to follow the code or committed an offence. The main concern of the NMC is to safeguard patients and members of the public and how they are treated by nurses and midwifes. It is said in NMC, The Code (2008) Individuals must be view and dignity must be maintained. Individuals should not be discriminated against and must also be treated with consideration and kindness. Where required a nurse must judge out help and support from relevant agencies and support networks in the health and social care setting. Respect is an essential part of protecting an individuals confidentiality, info rmation should never be shared other than with relevant people or professionals involved with the care of the person. It is also important that information should be shared if the person is at risk or harm. An additional part of respecting a person may be concerning their likes and dislikes, communicating is essential when caring for a person or there family to ensure the best possible care is given, this could be ensuring communication can happen without any obstruction for example language or communication requirements possibly providing some kind of aid. Consent is a large part of care giving every time a treatment is given this could be from cleanse to giving medication consent must be obtained, if an individual declines consent for treatment this must be respected, as it is a persons right to be involved in any decisions regarding treatment however there is an instance when decision making could be taken away from a person this happens when the mental depicted object is compr omised. there is a part of legislation which ensures a person who is incapable of making decisions regarding care is safe guarded. As a professional nurse boundaries must be maintained between patients and nurses it is unacceptable to accept gifts, loans or personal relationships from patients and their families. It is part of the role of a professional to identify risks and people who are taking risks, it is also a duty to report any practices that are putting others at risk. Record keeping is an essential skill which nurses must practice in an accurate way as the records include all of the patients care which has been given or is due to be given, keeping accurate records is imperative as poor records could harm a patients safety and confidentiality. In the case for David he may become ill in time and require nursing care and it may become costly to the government, it is his right to receive care as and when required and be treated with respect and dignity, he may decide he does no t want his suffering to be prolonged if his life is nearing an end and any decisions he may take must be upheld.Be open and in effect(p), act with integrity and uphold the reputation of your profession NMC The Code (2008). Following the above statement ensures you comply with the code and also by following the truth, being honest and able to identify problems and deal with them in the correct way if anything were to happen in practice. This will ensure care given can be without blemish and the integrity of the nurse remains intact. NMC (2008)Legal issues which could arise could be in two ways these are civil and criminal. A civil court of law is where an individual person can file a case against another person or organisation when a person has come to harm possibly by neglect. Criminal law is where a person has committed a crime and it is in the publics interest for the person who committed the crime to be prosecuted by a court of law and punished.Personal ConceptAs I have studie d and read more about principles of health it has had a study impact on the importance of knowing what the dimensions of health are, and understanding why a person has maybe become ill or in hospital, and what can be done to help or educate an individual to have a better life style which will lead to improved health. tone at an individual has also given me an understanding that determinants of health can be positive as well as negative, as having a good life style for someone who has a condition like MS can enhance quality of life. Also if someone has a very poor life style this can lead to conditions like type 2 diabetes, this is generally caused by a very poor diet and by being overweight.Being a nursing is an extremely important role and has very strict guidelines which must be followed. This will ensure accurate information and care is given at all times. By following the NMC code it will ensure that I am respectful of individuals and value people from all walks of life, always leading by example, being accountable for my actions and will always treat people fairly.ConclusionThis assignment has looked at dimensions of health, and how different dimensions can have an effect on all of the dimensions, there are six different dimensions which range from emotional to physical, each one is of equal importance and if any one is impaired it can often influence health. An overview of a person who has MS has been given and what determinants affect this persons life, is it good or bad? Professional, legal and ethical principles have been looked at, also and the importances of how these come into play when a person is being nursed. Identifying how the assignment has enhanced a personal view of the nursing profession has also been discussed. It has been identified the importance of being accurate regarding care giving and in record keeping to ensure the best care is given at all times.ReferencesBrooker C, Waugh A and Watson R. Foundations of Nursing practice fundamen tals of holistic care, 2007 Edinburgh Mosby Elsevier.Burgess M, Shedding greater light on the natural history and prevalence of multiple sclerosis British daybook of Neuroscience nursing January 2010 Volume 6 number 1Corcos J and Shinck E Neurogenic Bladder second edition 2008 Informa Healthcare.Naidoo J and Wills J. Foundations for Health Promotion one-third edition 2009 Edinburgh.Nursing and Midwifery Council The Code 2008World health organization. (WHO) 1948 Preamble to the constitution, Geneva. online http//www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/ 13/11/2010

Literature Review: Access to Care for Addicts

Literature Review Access to Care for AddictsHettema, J., Sorensen, J. L. (2009). Access to Care for methadone hydrochloride bread and butter patients in the United States. International ledger Mental Health Addiction. 7 (3) 468-474. DOI10.1007/s11469-9204-6This paper was presented to increase the awareness of individual with Opiates preaching programed Dependency are denied access to residential word. Although, Methadone Maintenance Therapy has been proven to overcome illicit drug use, improve psychosocial functioning, ability to keep employment, decrease criminal activities, and contracting HIV, AIDS, and Hepatitis. in that respect are great concerns for those lymph nodes in Methadone Maintenance Therapy who need more intensive give-and-take. MMT does provide basic medical screening, dosing, and outpatient counseling. The more redevelopments provided for the client leads to a better outcome. The study found that treatment dose measured by number of days in treatment, numb er of treatment session attended and number of services received leads to a peremptory outcome.Some factors to consider are limited availability of residential treatment, insurance payment and the impact of abstinence philosophy. Mainstream views addiction as a moral chore rather than a medical issue. Hettema Sorensen (2009) identifies philosophical differences separates mental health and addiction services is hard to integrate. Society regards methadone as a necessary evil. There are ongoing empirically evaluated treatment approaches who do not follow an abstinence oriented philosophy.There are issues with the Americans with Disability Act because client is beingness denied services because of their use of a prescribed for their substance dependency. There are ambiguities in the interruption of that. The author is not aware of any litigation now.Ducharme, L.J., Knudsen, H.K., Roman, P. M. (2006). Evidence-based treatment for Opiate-Dependent clients availability, variation, and organization correlates. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 32.569-576. DOI 101080/009529906000920417This article examines the availability and correlates with evidence-based acts for opiates dependence in the United States. This research sampled addiction treatment with and without MMT services. This article also examined community based treatment programs with MMT units as one of their modalities. The researchers included both methadone available and non-methadone setting, then compared the number and type of service available to users.The method used was a data analyses collected in 2002-2003 national representative sample of addiction treatment centers in public and close sector. There was extensive face to face interviews conducted with administrators and clinical directors of 763 treatment center. The data collected in 2002-2003 face to face interviews includedorganizational characteristic, size, ownership, accreditation, staffing, treatment practice methadone availability, level of care, pharmacotherapies, wraparound service,The findings suggested the majority of opiate dependents clients are not in Methadone Clinics. Many agencies are not willing to refer opiates dependent patient. to MMT. The opiate dependence client would benefit from the referral that uses evidence practices if referred. The research suggests further study to determine which opiate dependence client would benefit from evidence client care.Parks, C., Fullerton, C.A., Kim, Meekee, Montejano,, L., Lyman, Russell, Dougherty, R. H., Daniels A. S., Ghose, S. S., Delphin- Rittmon, M. E.., (2013). Medication-Assisted Treatment with Buprenorphine assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services in Advance.DOI10.1176/appi.ps201300256This article reviews Buprenorphine treatment as an alternative to Methadone Maintence Treatment for long term treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. Buprenorphine is not considered as abstinence treatment. The purpose of buprenorphine is to reduce or elimi nate opioid use. The authors conducted the research that examined abstracts of identical articles for compliance with the review. The research provided evidence of the effectiveness of improving treatment retention and decreasing illicit opioid use. The evidence is growth both BMT and MMT improved pregnancy outcomes. Ongoing treatment is necessary.

Comparison of unusual administration methods of morphine

Comparison of unusual plaque orders of morphine morphine is a widely use analgesic. Its clinical use and the juicy dependency factor (morphine and heroin have proven to be the most addictive opiates) brought up the need to investigate the classic routes of face (oral, rectal, iv, sc) and compare them with approximately not so well established routes (nebulised, intrathecal, transdermal, sublingual etc).Introductionmorphia is a strong opioid derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum1. It is used for the management of moderate and backbreaking unhinge. It acts direct to central nervous system exhibiting a quick measure of action. Along with pain relief, it causes the sense of well being (euphoria). It can excessively produce a series of other central and peripheral effects such as sedation, cough suppression, nausea, constipation and competency cause histamine surrender2. It is used during surgeries for anaesthesia and as a pain reliever after the operation. It is a do doses of choice for terminal care and it is really useful for pain management in cancer patients3. morphine is available at several formulations and different drug constitution routes. The selection of the subdue administration route is dependent on the extent of pain chair required. For instance, parenteral morphine is used for acute severe pain, while oral morphine is used for the treatment of temporary pain. The location of the pain will also determine if it is necessary to apply topical preparations or not.Table 1 Pharmacokinetic Properties of three opioid analgesicsPharmacokinetic ParametersHalf lifeVolume of DistributionClearanceMorphine (iv)2-3 hours3-5 lambert/kg15 -20ml/min/kgFentanyl (iv)3.5-3.8 hours5-6 litre/kg21-29ml/min/kgDiamorphine(iv)2-3 minutes25litre/kgUse morphine valuesSource Clarkes outline of drugs and poisons4Moreover, pharmacokinetic parameters such as bioavailability, half life and clearance and other characteristics of the drug (table 1) like side effects, ADRs and interactions must(prenominal) be taken into account before choosing the appropriate drug route. Patients preference (or fear) for a specific drug route and other psychosocial factors magnate also affect the choice of the formulation and patients compliance and finally medicines effectiveness. raillery ad-lib routeRegarding oral route, morphine comes as a solution and as immediate or check up onled (systained) difference tablets and capsules(fig 2).Fig 2. spontaneous formulations of morphineOral SuspensionMorphine solutions come in different strengths. Oral solutions can be prescribed by writing the formula Morphine HCl 5mg and Chloroform piddle to 5ml but the proportion can be altered. Morphine Sulphate solutions (Oramorph) are available at 10mg/5ml and as concentrated solutions of 100mg/5ml3.Other excipients include ethanol (96%- morphine is slightly soluble in ethanol), corn syrup, sucrose, methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E218), propyl parahydroxybenzoate (E216) and purified water. Due to the high content of alcohol this drug is not recommended to alcohol misusers.Normal bighearted dose is 10-20mg any four hours although when prescribed in palliative care dosage varies higher or lower according to the severity of the pain and kidney get respectively3.As this formulation is not readily absorbed from GI tract, in order to produce same effects as iv dose a 50%-100% increase in dose must be considered. Overdose peril is high and can cause hypotension, respiratory depression and in round cases death. Naloxone which is an opiate antagonist is the first line treatment in case of overdosing5.Tablets and CapsulesSolid dosage forms contain morphine in form of salt e.g Morphine Sulphate and Morphine hydrochlorate. Theses salts in the body will be available as morphine bases.Tablets are available in two preparations immediate release and modified release. The short acting tablets come in 10mg, 20mg and 50mg3. They are given every 2-4 hours to control and stabilise breakthrough pain. These tablets are a way of determine the amount of morphine needed to manage pain.Once the quantity of morphine is established the patient can take slow-release tablets and capsules. These formulations contain enough morphine to control pain for 12 or 24 hours. The starting dose varies and from 10-20mg every 12hours if the patient has not taken any other painkiller previously, to 20-30 mg every 12 hours in cases of replacement weak analgesics3. Note only the dose can increase whereas the frequency must remain the same i.e. every 12 hours. It can take up to 48 hours for the morphine to reach the required plasma levels meaning that it is important to be taken regularly otherwise they regress their effectiveness5. If the patience experience pain between doses an additional dose must be given and the GP should decide if it is necessary to increase the daily dose.Oral morphine is a well established drug delivery method however problems such a s the first pass metabolism, the slow onset and the risk of overdose have raised questions on whether other novel administration routes can be used.IntravenousThis route is used only in hospitals and in managing emergency pain symptoms. The bolus administration provides almost instant onset with a short effect. Iv morphine is used when sc route is not tolerated. A popular application of this method is in Patient Controlled analgesia (PCA) where the opioid is delivered using a Hospiral infusion device. The patient can control the morphine intake and establish an pleasant level of analgesia6. Morphine is available in 50 and 100ml vials with strength 1mg/ml3. It is used post operatively especially after transplants surgeries and in the management of chronic pain of malignancy. Although this method is useful for the management of severe pain there are many drawbacks. First of all, most of the pumps are bulky and invasive. Their installation is complicated as they require mains attachm ent and the patient has limited mobility .There is a high risk of overdose then supervision is needed. Side effects such as hypotension and respiratory depression might develop while convulsions due to high dosage are likely to occur.fig3. PCA infusion device vs syringe driver hypodermicSubcutaneous method is an excellent alternative to oral administration method. It is safe and effective method which is widely used both in palliative care and severe pain management. It is used for patients that present conditions such as gastrointestinal disturbances including indigestion, palindromic motility and obstruction5. A prime characteristic of the sc method is the syringe driver. The driver employs guileless syringes and bears a flow rate setting option usually ml/hr which enables accurate dosing over a specific period of time. Unlike PCA infusion devices, it is battery powered, so patients mobility is not an issue (fig 3). The risk of overdose is lower compared to iv route as there is a constant stable administration schedule6. There is no need for ceaseless strict supervision as the driver is easy to use.Often, the subcutaneous route can cause some strip site problems. Irritation might appear especially when there are high concentrations of morphine or when it is combined with other drugs which are not in full compatible3. This problem can be treated either by diluting the dose or by choosing alternative more compatible drugs.Also some patients might experience needle allergic reactions and action must be taken e.g introduce an alternative Teflon cannula. Patients might feel discomfort, especially those who lack of subcutaneous tissue16. Sometimes, possible leakage of subcutaneous site might be observed. Finally, the sc method is not recommended for palliative care patients with acute vascular conditions.RectalThis drug administration route is quite popular and is used for short term management of acute pain. Also in terminal cancer patients modified release morphine sulphate is administered via this route6. Although the absorption rate varies for each individual, it is estimated that around 300-330 mg of morphine are absorbed rectally every four hours, indicating a sufficient analgesic effect.Studies have chargen that for the patients who have never taken morphine, rectal morphine is more effective than the oral administered one5.Rectal morphine is available in the form of suppositories at different strengths (10, 15, 20 and 30 mg) 3. Prescribers must specify both the strength and the morphine salt (morphine hydrochloride or morphine sulphate) that suppositories should contain.Evidence shows two deaths15 after sequential doses of rectal morphine should raise awareness and the need of monitoring the dosing regimen and frequency.Rectal route is not avoiding completely the first pass metabolism therefore the bioavailability might be influenced.Non established routesApart from the conventional drug routes mentioned before, it is necessar y to look into other not so popular ones such as the transmucosal, transdermal, sublingual, intrathecal and nebulised routes of administration and try to compare them.Transdermal- TransmucosalTransdermal route is a relatively painless method. The drug absorption is rapidly. Patches are easy to use and not quite expensive. Although this method is usually tolerated from the patients skin irritation and rashes might appear.Transdermal morphine is not popular as there are questions about the efficacy of this method. However, fentanyl another opioid is the drug of choice. More specifically, fentanyl patches are more effective in managing chronic pain compared to modified release oral morphine9. Also, transdermal fentanyl causes reduced constipation and drowsiness14.Another administration route which fentanyl is again favored than morphine is the transmucosal route by a buccal tablet. The main reason is that fentanyl is a lipophilic drug while morphine has a limited lipid solubility. Mor e specifically, when fentanyl is placed in saliva it is 80% non-ionizedand it usually takes 20-30 minutes for the analgesic effect to reach its peak14. Note transmucosal morphine is also available but the bioavailability is low and analgesic effect is not hearty.Sublingual routeThis route utilises soluble immediate release tablets and it is recommended to patients that have swallowing difficulties. Morphine enters into bloodstream via sublingual mucosa. Investigations have shown that the absorption of morphine is the same (and in a few cases faster) compared with the oral route7. Same studies have shown that there is no significant difference in the extent and duration of analgesic effect when is compared with oral administered morphine3.Nebulised morphineNebulised morphine utilises the airways to deliver the drug into pulmonary circulation. It can be used for COPD patients in the management of acute thoracic pain11. Through this route, the effect of hepatic metabolism is avoided a nd a rapid absorption is noted. However, the plasma drug levels are aleatory indicating the necessity of further clinical investigations. Studies showed that inhaled morphine was as effective as intravenous PCA morphine without causing strong sedating symptoms8. Although nebulised morphine is well accepted, patients who are not used to opioids might experience nausea and vomiting and in rare cases respiratory depression. Other common side effects include constipation and histamine generate broncho-constriction.Another drawback of nebulised morphine is the high cost of the equipment (nebuliser, injectable vials, etc). It is not a simple method and some patients might find it difficult to use the nebuliser. Studies show a wide range of bioavailability in subjects relating the bioavailability of the drug with the patients ability to use the nebuliser in the right way10.Epidural/intrathecalBoth epidural and intrathecal routes are used for the most part in the hospital clinical enviro nment. The bioavailability is high so spinal administered morphine can provide extended analgesic effect at lower doses (compared to the conventional drug routes)12. Although epidural and intrathecal morphine can relieve both acute and chronic pain studies suggest that these routes should be used only for pain which cannot be controlled by the classic established methods13. For instance, these routes are effective in managing lower body pain. Note that only 1% of the daily iv dose must be used intrathecally and only 10% epidurally5. An implanted infusion pump may be used to deliver intrathecal morphine at a continuous rate.A disadvantage of these methods is the high risk of infection and overdose as the staff must be trained and careful when dosing for breakthrough pains. Studies have describe a number of patients experiencing side effects such as sedation, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting after spinal administration12.Spinal morphine is not usually preferred while diamorphine is the drug of choice due to its high solubility manner.ConclusionAs it was mentioned before, morphine can be administered via different routes. However, it is vital each time to consider the risk- benefit ratio for each method and choose the most effective and safe one. Moreover, before establishing unconventional methods such as nebulised and spinal morphine it is important to further investigate their suitability and ways to improve the drug delivery and minimise side effects. Finally, if it is necessary to choose other opiates (such as fentanyl and diamorphine), which might be more efficient than morphine.