The Microsoft Case: Protecting Competition or Competitors? :: Business Management Economics

The Microsoft Case Protecting Competition or Competitors?When a company of merchants undertake, at their own risk and expense, to launch a new trade with some remote and barbarous nation, it may not be unreasonable to incorporate them into a joint stock company, and to confess them, in case of their success, a monopoly of the trade for a certain number of years. It is the easiest and most natural way in which the state can recompense them for hazarding a dangerous and expensive experiment, of which the public is afterwards to reap the benefit. A temporary monopoly of this kind may be vindicated upon the same principles upon which a like monopoly of a new machine is granted to its inventor, and that a new book to its author.-Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776 IntroductionProtecting the competition, not the competitor, has become a commonly used affirmation in recent interpretations of the Sherman antitrust acts of the late 19th century. Such words, however, were not used in the pr eliminary decision of the U.S. v. Microsoft monopoly case. Just recently, U.S. District Judge doubting Thomas Penfield Jackson cast Microsoft as a voracious monopolist that has hindered innovation, harmed consumers, and run roughshod over its rivals. (Chandrasekaran, 1999 1) A 207-page findings of fact report did not conclude whether Microsoft violates the Sherman just Act. The report suggests, however, that Microsoft is indeed a software hog with a decade of at least 90%-95% control of the Windows grocery store share. Chief Executive military officer Bill Gates said he respectfully disagrees with a number of the courts findings. In the end were quite confident that our onenessand the benefits we provide consumers will be upheld. (Chandrasekaran, 1999 1). It seems that in an effort to protect the consumer, the government may get down forgotten the power of the consumers dollar. Perhaps Microsoft has control of the market share because the product is superior to all others, and consumers know it. Is it possible that the government would be punishing the consumer, if in fact consumers truly are happy with the Microsoft product, and have chosen to buy it, not because Microsoft has a significant influence on the market, but because the product is more advanced? What makes a product superior to another(prenominal)? Vision, innovation, risk, marketing the same elements that Adam Smith praises in a new venture, then rewards, if successful, by granting the company a temporary monopoly in the market.

Flouridation :: essays research papers fc

FlouridationIn 1931 at the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station M. C.Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H. V. Smith observed that when given drinking peeingsupplied with farad, rats would develop tooth defects. Further testing by H.T. Dean and E. Elove of the United States earth Health Service confirmed thisreport, and stated that what is know as mottled tooth. Mottled tooth is acondition in which white spots develop on the back teeth. Gradually the whitespots number darker and darker until the tooth is eroded completely. This wasbelieved to be caused by degree Fahrenheit in drinking water (Behrman pg. 181).A strong uproar was heard when this was released and people wanted allfluorine out of their water. But later tests concluded that communities withhigh levels of fluorine in their drinking water suffered less dental cavities.Further testing concluded that at least 1.0 move per million of fluorine couldhelp to prevent cavities, but more than 1.5 PPM would cause mottle d tooth, sobasically a little fluorine would be okay but a lot of fluorine would be bad(Behrman 182). In 1938, with this information, Dr. Gerald coxswain of the Mellon Institutebegan to promote the addition of fluoride to public water systems, claiming thatit would reduce tooth decay, however there were two major obstacles in his path,The American Medical Association, and The American Dental Association. Bothassociations wrote articles in their journals about the dangers of fluoridationof water supplies. The American Dental Association wrote the following in theOctober 1, 1944 issue We do know the use of drinking water containing aslittle as 1.2 to 3.0 parts per million of fluorine will cause such developmentaldisturbances in bones as osteoslcerosis, spondylosis and osteoperosis, as wellas goiter, and we cannot afford to run the pretend of producing such serioussystemic disturbances in applying what is at present a doubtful procedureintended to prevent development of dental disfigu rements among children.(Yiamouyiannis pg. 138)Despite these warnings Dr. Cox continued to promote fluoridation ofwater supplies and even convinced a Wisconsin dentist, J. J. Frisch to promotethe addition of fluoride to water supplies in his book, The Fight ForFluoridation. Frisch soon garnered the support of brusk Bull. Frank Bullorganized political campaigns in order to persuade local officials to endorsefluoridation. This began to apply heavy pressure on the United States PublicHealth Service and the American Dental Association. (Yiamouyiannis pg. 139)In 1945 before any tests had been proven to show that fluoride reducedcavities, it was added to the drinking water supply of Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Racial Discrimination :: essays research papers

Racial Discrimination"KAFFIR". When you see or hear this word, what runs with your mind? Do youpicture a firearm with skin the color of the midnight sky, do you see him bendinghis muscular body down to the dry res publica to pick cotton from thorn-ridden plants?Can you feel the heat of the sun beating down on his charred back? Perhaps youcan even taste the bead of sweat swelling from his forehead and arms. Or maybeyou are more inclined to visualize a dark-skinned woman with creases in herforehead make by many years of hard work and endless worrying. You watch her asshe puts the breakfast dishes on the table and addresses her owners with a "yessah" or "yes maam". in that location is nobody to cater to her needs. She spends each day taking care ofeveryone but herself. Pain. Sorrow. Anguish. Agony. Is this what comes to yourmind when you hear the word "KAFFIR"? Well, it shouldnt because the word"kaffir" has nonhing to do with the color of yo ur skin. The word "kaffir" isjust that a word. It is a term that sprouted out of ignorance and continues tobe used to this day exclusively by brutal people. A kaffir isnt a slang termfor an African it is a word that describes the person that uses it. This typeof person is one who feeds his ego by dehumanizing those just about him when hefeels they are not equal to him. He may regard those of different races ornationalities as "bad" or "dirty" because they do not have the same skin coloras he does or they may cherish beliefs that are contrary to the ones by which helives his life.These qualities describe the man who tells his son that it is okay to make funof people who are different because differences are bad. A child who isrepeatedly told such things will believe them because " florists chrysanthemum and dad never lie".This idea, inculcated in them as children, is like a grain of sand caught in theclutches of an oyster. It eats away at their minds until it becomes deviate of them.Instead of forming into a pearl, it creates a whole new individual that is asignorant as the parents who raised him. And so this vicious cycle of ignorancecontinues.Children need to be taught from infancy that people of other races andnationalities are human too. They think like the rest of us. They have feelings,hopes, and aspirations. They are intelligent.

Essay --

Colour vision refers to the ability of an organism to distinguish amidst stimuli based on the wavelengths of light they emit, reflect or transmit. We live in a terra firma filled with rubrics which we use as an advantage on a day-to-day basis to signify danger, make things stand out and to help us categorise the world around us. However, 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females (approximately 4.5% of the population) suffer from some sort of colour vision deficiency or blindness (Colour Blind Awareness, 2014). It is therefore of interest to go over what is different about the visual system in this minority and why the occurs. This essay will investigate this by considering what colours actually are in terms of wavelengths of light, investigating the differences of what we perceive to be a coloured world based on the different visual systems of non-human animals. Finally it will look at what makes the system of colour blind humans different, questioning whether we can really consider the m colour blind at all. The basis of our vision is a order cause of photons (light) entering our eyes from the environment around us. We examine these photons in one of two ways either the intensity of the light (number of photons) or by examining the wave energy. This wave energy is what enables colour vision, and refers to our eyes ability to detect slight changes across the electromagnetic system of light. As a whole this consists of a variety of parts cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet light, visible/white light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves. Our human eyes are only sensitive to the visible white-light which ranges from approximately cd to 700 nanometres (nm) across the electromagnetic system. Newton is heavily credited towa... ...t differences in colour therefore relies on the sensitivity of different types of cone cell within our retina. This is what enables us to see the full spectrum of visible light from blues into the deep reds. It is evident from stud ies with dogs, birds, snakes and other animals that having a different number of cones, or having these cones sensitive to different wavelengths causes a completely different perspective of our colour world. As a result Dichromatic or Monochromatic humans who are missing a indisputable type of cone(s), or even trichromatic humans with a cone sensitive to an anomalous wavelength can be labelled as colour blind. Whilst these colour blind individuals are usually still able to detect differences in colour across the visible spectrum of light they ultimately see the colour world in an abnormal way to an individual with a normal visual system.

20th Century Liberalisms Philosophies are False :: essays research papers

During the 20th Century, liberalistic philosophers created countless numbers of false philosophies that many people intrust right away. Among those wrong ideologies are existentialism, secularism, pragmatism, and Freudianism. The first false political orientation, existentialism, claims that there is no truth and believes that all man can do is take a ?leap of faith.? This ideology claims to ?resolve? all man?s problems and worries because ?nothing is true.? Because there is no truth, therefore, there would be no God and, therefore, there is no wrong in the world. This philosophy by Soren Kierkegaard, surely, brings disastrous results by believing there is no sin.The second false idea very popular in this world today is secularism, which believes that morality should be based upon the well being of mankind. At first, this ideology might seem reasonable. However, for example, if a robber steals money from a bank barely contributes to the well being of mankind by giving the money t o the poor, stealing would be considered moral because it benefited people right? Of course not Just uniform existentialism, secularism gives people the right to do wrong by involving others.The third deceptive philosophy, by William James, is pragmatism. A pragmatist believes that only the results of an idea or deed judge whether the action is moral or not. One can decipher that this ideology is wrong by thinking of an example. For example, if a student can only have a vacation if he receives A?s, according to this philosophy, he can cheat on tests and quizzes in order to receive an A to take a vacation. The remainder false ideology is Freudianism, better known as psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis claims that subconscious physical drives or irrational fears determine a man?s actions. It alike believes that if someone?

What Astronomy Really Is :: Astronomy Solar Systems Roman Gods Essays

What Astronomy Really Is What is astronomy? Astronomy consist of a lot of things that shed light on up our solar system such as the nine planets, asteroids, meteorites, the moon and the sun. Astronomy is also a fascinating hobby that can be followed by anyone. You do not need to be, as some people seem to imagine, mathematically-minded , in order to start, or even to become a very go through observer. Yet astronomy is one of the few hobbies where not only can you gain great enjoyment, but if you feel want to can very substantially make observations of great scientific value. I know that astronomy is getting more popular by the day since the comet came and all those people got killed. But that truly did not have anything to do with astronomy, so I am not going to get into that. To me astronomy is really cool. If you have a telescope and it is a clear night you can see different constellations such as Andromeda, Cassiopeia, Hercules, Pegasus, Perseus there are many more tha t is so cool. But it is even cold to fount up and see them in the sky. To do all of that you first have to be in the correct place. What you can do first is look for the north star, when you rise up that then you are all set. If you cannot descry it just simply face north and look for the brightest star in that direction. If you still cannot find it buy a compass then hopefully you will find it. If you still cannot find it ask somebody, I made no grantee that you would find it these ways. That is really all I know about astronomy, but after this paper I bet you I will know a self-coloured lot more. THE SUN The sunlight is a huge, bright sphere that is mostly made up of gas that is about 5 billion years old. The Sun is the closest to the Earth, it is 145 million km distant (this distance is called an Astronomical Unit). The next closest star is 300,000 times further away. There are belike millions of similar stars in the Milky Way galaxy (and even more galaxies in the Universe), but the Sun is the most important to us because it supports life on Earth.

George MacDonalds The Princess and the Goblin :: MacDonald Princess Goblin essays

George MacDonalds The Princess and the GoblinAll over the world spate have believed in a race of creatures, superhuman and subhuman, that atomic number 18 not gods or ghosts, but differ from humans in their powers, properties, and attributes (Briggs, Vanishing 27). The concepts of these creatures/fairies have been passed down through generations in many cultures through forms such as songs, sayings, and stories. Stories such as folktales and myths have wide array of fairy types found in them from various cultures folklores (Abrams 101). Little people (lesser spirits) are often con billetred a subclass of fairies and include creatures worry gnomes, trolls, and goblins (Rose 200, South 329). George MacDonald in his myth novel, The Princess and the Goblin, draws from many folk sources to bring to life his underworld goblins. These goblins are an amalgamation of various types of little people. MacDonald effectively brings together attributes of goblins, dwarfs and trolls, gnomes and kob grizzlys, and brownies to raise a narrative full of tension and humour. First, MacDonalds goblins once lived above ground as humans, but they chose refuge underground to avoid severe taxes placed on them by the king (MacDonald 3). Through time, these people were transformed into goblins. This is similar to the common suggested origin of the little people as humans conquered by other races that flat conceal themselves from their conquerors (South 334). The fairies are often said to have been Eves children whom she hid from God because she was embarrassed by them God was not deceived and decided that those children should be hidden from all human race forever (Briggs, Vanishing 31). These origins suggest that the creatures are half human, which is a common idea in Scandinavian tradition (Briggs, Vanishing 31). This human origin of the goblins suggests that they are one side of human nature. There is a tension between the goblins and the humans as they show different aspects of life and morality.Second, the goblins, dwarfs and trolls, gnomes and kobolds, and brownies are all small, but they are humanlike in form though often described as misshapen and grotesque, and except for brownies, they are also often described as being old with gray hair and beards (Rose 51, 93, 128, 316). MacDonalds goblins are dwarfed and hideous, and though they are not described as old looking, their cleverness is associated with this characteristic (MacDonald 4). The use of these common folklore images of little people creates creatures that can be imagined easily by the reader.