Hippocratic Method and the Four Humors in Medicine

When todays doctors prescribe an antibiotic to fight infection, they are trying to put the patients body back in balance. While the drugs and medical explanation may be new, this art of equilibrium has been practiced since  Hippocrates day.   I do anatomize and cut up these poor beasts, he said to Hippocrates, to see the cause of these distempers, vanities, and follies, which are the burden of all creatures.- Democritus - The History of Melancholy Humors Corresponding With  the Seasons and Elements In the Hippocratic corpus (believed not to be the work of a single man of that name) disease was thought to be caused by isonomia, the preponderance of one of the four bodily humors: Yellow BileBlack BilePhlegmBlood Four humors matched the four seasons: Autumn: black bileSpring: bloodWinter: phlegmSummer: yellow bile Each of the humors was  associated with one of the four equal and universal elements: EarthAirFireWater Posited by Empedocles: Aristotle, who used the image of wine to expose the nature of black bile. Black bile, just like the juice of grapes, contains pneuma, which provokes hypochondriac diseases like melancholia. Black bile like wine is prone to ferment and produce an alternation of depression and anger...-From Linets The History of Melancholy Earth corresponds with  black bile.  Too much earth made one  melancholic.Air corresponds with blood. Too much air,  sanguine.Fire  corresponds with  yellow bile.  Too much fire,  choleric.Water  corresponds with  phlegm.  Too much water,  phlegmatic. Finally, each element/humor/season was associated with certain qualities. Thus yellow bile was thought of as hot and dry. Its opposite, phlegm (the mucus of colds), was cold and moist. Black Bile was cold and dry, while its opposite, blood was hot and moist. Black Bile: Cold and DryBlood: Hot and MoistPhlegm: Cold and MoistYellow Bile: Hot and Dry As a first step, the prudent Hippocratic physician would prescribe a regimen of diet, activity, and exercise, designed to void the body of the imbalanced humor. According to Gary Lindquesters History of Human Disease,  if it was a fever--a hot, dry disease--the culprit was yellow bile. So, the doctor would try to increase its opposite, phlegm, by prescribing cold baths. If the opposite situation prevailed (as in a cold), where there were obvious symptoms of excess phlegm production, the regimen would be to bundle up in bed and drink wine. Resorting to Drugs If the regimen didnt work the next course would be with drugs, often hellebore, a potent poison that would cause vomiting and diarrhea, signs the imbalanced humor was eliminated. Observation of Anatomy We might assume such Hippocratic ideas sprang from speculation rather than experimentation, but observation played a key role. Furthermore, it would be simplistic to say ancient Greco-Roman doctors never practiced human dissection. If nothing else, doctors had anatomical experience dealing with war wounds. But especially during the Hellenistic period, there was extensive contact with the Egyptians whose embalming techniques involved removing bodily organs. In the third century, B.C. vivisection was permitted in Alexandria where living criminals may have been put to the knife. Still, we believe Hippocrates, Aristotle, and Galen, among others, only dissected animal bodies, not human. So mans internal structure was known primarily through analogy with animals, inferences from the externally visible structures, from natural philosophy, and from function. Evaluating the Humoral Theory Such ideas might seem far-fetched today, but Hippocratic medicine was a great advance over the supernatural model that had preceded it. Even if individuals had understood enough about contagion to realize rodents were involved somehow, it was still the Homeric Apollo, the mouse god, who caused it. The Hippocratic etiology based on nature permitted diagnosis and treatment of symptoms with something other than prayer and sacrifice. Besides, we rely on similar analogies today, in Jungian personality types and ayurvedic medicine, to name two. These men demonstrated that when the nutriment becomes altered in the veins by the innate heat, blood is produced when it is in moderation, and the other humours when it is not in proper proportion.-Galen, On the Natural Faculties Bk II Black Bile Cold and Dry Too much earth Melancholic Autumn Blood Hot and Moist Too much air Sanguine Sping Phlegm Cold and Moist Too much water Phlegmatic Winter Yellow Bile Hot and Dry Too much fire Choleric Summer S​ources   www.umich.edu/~iinet/journal/vol2no2/v2n2_The_History_of_Melancholy.html  Ã‚  www.astro.virginia.edu/~eww6n/bios/HippocratesofCos.html]www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/textn.htm accessedviator.ucs.indiana.edu/~ancmed/foundations.htm]  www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htmwww.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/antiqua/stexta.htm

The United States And Soviet Union Essay - 1654 Words

The 1980’s were a dynamic time in the life cycle of the Cold War. The early portion of this decade, which saw massive shifts in the administrations of the United States and Soviet Union, maintained an atmosphere of suspicion, wariness, and skepticism. This theme of uncertainty and caution was the logical product of decades of both American and Soviet duplicity, confrontation, and militarization. Yet, despite this mistrust between the polar Cold War belligerents, and contrary to the early rhetoric of the Reagan administration, the United States and Soviet Union modified their perceptions of each other’s intentions following 1985’s Reykjavik Summit, which, despite producing no tangible results, established common desire for arms reduction and a conclusion of the Cold War. This warming of relations, however, increased at a gradual rate and encountered significant hurdles as the two nations attempted to limit the potential for thermonuclear war. Ultimately, Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev’s â€Å"dialogue of the eyes† transitioned from one administration to the next, while also weathering significant domestic pressures as the United Soviet Socialist Republic disintegrated. Doubt and insecurity largely characterized the Cold War in the late-1970s and early stages of the Reagan presidency. Following the rise and fall of dà ©tente, the collapse of the Nixon administration, and the expansion of alarmist groups such as the Committee on the Present Danger, the Soviet Union andShow MoreRelatedUnited States And Soviet Union1221 Words   |  5 PagesFollowing World War II there was a lot of tension between two of the Allied countries. The United States and the Soviet Union were in a state of political and military tension with each other. Opposing ideologies on how to deal with the world’s affairs post World War II fueled this rivalry but there was always a tension between the two countries. World War II, with its common goal, brought these two countries together as allies. With Hitler and the Nazis threating their way of living these two countriesRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union927 Words   |  4 Pagescapitalist nations, those nation s being the United States and its allies. The second group consisted of the Communist nations led by the Soviet Union. The â€Å"Third World’ consisted of the now developing nations, often newly independent and they were neither aligned with the United States or The Soviet Union. These newly developing countries would prove to be another area for the Cold War superpowers to compete amongst themselves. Both the United States and the Soviet Union would affect how these Third WorldRead MoreUnited States And The Soviet Union1651 Words   |  7 PagesMr. Sutton 7 April, 2017 DBQ After the World War II, the tension between both the United States and the Soviet Union were extremely high. This mistrust between the two nations led to the Cold War that had lasted approximately 45 years before ending in 1991. Although the war had ended, Americans were still in fear of the spreading of communism that may affect their society as a whole. Americans also feared the Soviet Union’s new technological advances such as the launch of Sputnik in 1957. In responseRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The United States919 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were allies of convenience; they had dissimilar goals, but shared a common enemy (the Axis powers). The Soviet Union s government was much closer to Germany s than America s in ideas and practice, and when the war ended these differences in world view between the countries became seemingly irreconcilable. At the Yalta Conference in February, 1945, Russia and the other major Allied powers had all agreed that, once the war was overRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The United States1603 Words   |  7 Pagesearly 1960s, the popular and political climate in the United States changed. The relationship between the Soviet Union and the United States was directed by ideological, political and technological factors. The rivalry between the two powers rooted from their contrasting ideological principles since the United States was a democratic republic where the people believed that every citizen had equal representation in the government and the Soviet Union was a communist nation. The US embodied the principlesRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union921 Words   |  4 Pagesand China relate with countries such as Soviet Union, Vietnam, Taiwan and the United States. How did Mao and China approached and reapproached the United States and the world. So after china said it stood up, it start ed great relationship with the United States and the Soviet Union. Then it all started to deteriorated in the 1960’s and relations between China and the United states soured. It even soured worse with the Soviet Union, which caused the Sino/Soviet split. Which is why China had a shakyRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union1356 Words   |  6 Pages Following WWII the United States and it’s citizens longed for a century of peace, but due to the rise in Communism in Asia it was clearly not meant to be. The Korean and Vietnam Wars established the US as â€Å"the world’s policemen† even though the purpose of the wars were to prevent the spread of Communism. By taking part in these wars the United States’s relationship with the Soviet Union reached a boiling point in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but was finally defused and the world was spared of a nuclearRead MoreThe Soviet Union And The United States881 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War, the Soviet Union and the United States became the most notorious superpowers in modern world history. They dominated the globe economically, politically, and militarily. Although the USSR and the United States worked together to defeat Nazism and Japanese Imperialism in the 1930s and 1940s, they were weary of each other. For example, the USSR employed a communist, government controlled economy, and arguably an authoritarian system of government, meanwhile the United States had a free-marketRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union899 Words   |  4 PagesAt the end of the World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as the world’s two leading superpowers. In the post war world, the U.S. and the Soviet Union both engaged in a Cold War aiming to have the most influence around the globe through the spread of their res pective ideologies (communism and capitalism) and political systems (representative democracy and socialism). One particular place where this struggle for influence was seen was Latin America, specifically ChileRead MoreThe United States And The Soviet Union1733 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The United States and the Soviet Union had fought together as allies against Nazi Germany during World War II. When the war had ended, the Soviet Union had maintained a large presence in much of Eastern and Central Europe. Communist governments, allied with the Soviet Union, were soon established within this region. Winston Churchill, who had served as British Prime Minister during World War II, had warned that an â€Å"iron curtain† divided Western and Eastern Europe. He was fearful communism

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain Green K Essay Example For Students

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain Green K Essay night Essays Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a Middle English romance poem similar to the three seductions of Gawain. Bercilak and Gawain made a bargain at the castle. Bercilak said Whatever I earn in the woods will be yours, whatever you win will be mine in exchange. (Gawain 81) The Green Knight tells Gawain that he was sent by Morgana Le Fay because she wanted to test Gawains pride and determine the truth of the Round Tables fame, and the tales that tell of it. (Gawain 123) During Bercilaks first hunt, they hunted deer. The hunters were on one side with the peasants and dogs on the other, surrounding the deer. The peasants and dogs made noise and cashed the deer towards the hunters. The hunters slaughtered them as they came near. In Gawians bedroom, Bercilaks wife came into his room and tried to seduce him. She came in and locked the door trapping him in the room. Gawian was trapped like the deer were trapped in the forest. Gawian used words to talk his way out the situation, but before she left she gave him a kiss. On the second hunt, they found a boar and trapped it on a mountain. The boar attacked and fought back aggressively. Bercilak faced it one on one and killed it. In Gawains bedroom, Bercilaks wife made another pass at him. This time she was more aggressive. The hunters used the same tactic on the boar as Bercilaks wife used on Gawain. She tried to wear him down, but it had no used because Gawain still put out. She gave him two kisses before she left his room. For the third hunt Bercilak tracked a fox. The fox was sly and clever and he chased it all over. Bercilak swung at it and it swerved and ran into the dogs. The dogs killed it. Bercilaks wife tried to be sly like a fox on her third attempt to seduce Gawain. After failing to seduce Gawain, Bercilaks wife tried to give him something to make him break his word. First she offered to give him a ring, which he refused. Then, she offered a magical scarf which he accepted. The two different situations paralleled each other in symbolism. Bercilak hunted the animals like his wife hunted Gawain. The whole experience was only a test for Gawain and he managed to pass except for taking the scarf and breaking his word. .

The foreign policy of the United States

Introduction The post-Second World War United States of America had a different face from the one that existed during the First World War. The United States’ foreign policy moved from isolationism to interventionism after World War II. Therefore, this paper examines the changes in America’s foreign policy after the World War II. It also examines Kennan’s long Telegram and how the United States may implement the suggestions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The foreign policy of the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How United States’ foreign policy changed after World War II Before the Second World War, the United States of America practiced the policy of isolationism (Chandler Write, 2001); isolationism can be defined as the state policy of shunning economic or political conflicts with other nations of the world. Isolationism was the basis on which the United Statesâ€⠄¢ foreign policy was formulated before World War II. This was because the United States did not want to get involved in any form of war in case there would be an outbreak of another widespread conflict. Besides, it never wanted to be involved in any war and would do everything to thwart it while trying to remain neutral. Many individuals in the Congress and other influential personalities supported the isolationist approach to foreign policy. They established the Neutrality Act to penalize the other nations that were at war with one another (Dornbush, 2009). The experience of the United States during the Second World War completely changed the government’s attitude toward isolationism policy approach. It realized that for it to be safe from potential aggression, it needed to have strong allies. This prompted the United States to start lending its support to the Great Britain. In fact, the United States’ isolationism policy was put to test when Japan attacked the Pearl Harbor. This prompted the government to revise its stand on isolationism approach to foreign policy and hence embraced interventionism one. The United States realized that it was not safe from war and therefore needed to build alliances with potential allies. The United States’ shift in foreign policy approach was immediately witnessed when the government readily agreed to host the headquarters of the United Nations within its territories after its formation. The United Nations was formed to champion the interests of all member states. Besides, the United States also joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. After the Second World War the United States realized that it could not remain safe by keeping to pursuing only its interests, but by collaborating with other allies to defend their common interests (Chandler Write, 2001). The realist approach by President Nixon in late 1960s and President Carter’s idealist approach of late 1970s President Nixon’s rea list approach had the assumption that a nation state was actually the principle actor in the politics of the world. Furthermore, realist approach assumed that power was the definite driving force in politics.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The approach posited that the quality of a relationship between one state and another was the principle factor that shaped or modeled how a given state should respond to any of the other states. According to the realist approach, issues that were social and economic in nature were also equally crucial as those of the military (McCrmick, 2009). President Carter deviated from the President Nixon’s realist approach. Contrary to President Nixon’s realist policy approach, President Carter’s idealist approach placed more emphases on domestic affairs with reference to foreign policy. His key policy areas included the enhancement of r elations with key American allies and placing less emphasis on the then Soviet Union as the main focus for the policy of the United States of America and the support of the global human rights (Soper, 2007). While Nixon’s realist approach mainly focused on American interests outside the territory Carter’s idealist approach principally focused on the significance of domestic values. President Carter believed that the United States could be strong internationally only when it was strong back at home. Therefore, contrasting the two policy approaches, realist approach gave the suggestion that the nature of human or the structure established in reference to the international system influenced the behavior of the state whereas the idealist approach was grounded on the belief that governments of states obtained their legitimacy from the people being governed (Copson, 2007). Kennan’s objective in his long Telegram and how the United States may carry out the policy he su ggests In his long Telegram, George Kennan focused on three areas; he focused on the primary motivating factors in the foreign policy of Soviet and also the ideological and historical background of international relations as perceived by the Soviet during the postwar period. He also focused on the attainment of the Soviet foreign policy and the broad repercussion it would have for the United States of America. In his Telegram, Kennan argued that the policy of Soviet principally targeted giving strength to the relative USSR’s policy within the international environment (Miscamble, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The foreign policy of the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kennan, in his long Telegram, argued that rulers of Soviet vowed to achieve their goals and objectives by leaving nothing to chance. This included destroying perceived enemies. He further stated that Soviet rulers were ready to use both direct and indirect means to infiltrate the economic, moral and or political structures of the western states by taking advantage of the perceived contradictions that existed within the structure of capitalism. They believed that with the stability of the United States, Soviet could not be secure. Therefore, the Soviet rulers emphasized that the American social, political and economic structure had to be dismantled to ensure such security (Kim, 2010). In this case, the United States should enforce Kennan’s recommendation that it should stop the Soviet expansion. He suggested that the United States should not use force or any form of military actions to stop the Soviet from influencing it negatively. The United States should increase its diplomatic relations with the Soviet rulers and solve the underlying problems amicably. Besides, the United States should have a policy specifically dedicated to dealing with Soviet as an entity. This should be geared toward increasing diplomatic relations. Conclusion The foreign policy of the United States changed from isolationism to interventionism after the World War II. Besides, the United States needed to come up with specific policies on Soviet so as to thwart its efforts to frustrate the United States; this was one of the suggestions in Kennan’s long Telegram (Kim, 2010). References Chandler, C. Write, J. (2001). Modern world history for Edexcel specification A.: Core. New York: Heinemann. Copson, R. (2007). The United States in Africa: Bush policy and beyond. London: Zed Books.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dornbush, K. (2009). Kaplan AP U.S. History. New York: Kaplan Publishing. Kim, J. (2010). Ends of empire: Asian American critique and the Cold War. Minnesota: U of Minnesota Press. McCrmick, J. (2009). American Foreign Policy and Process. New York: Cengage Learning. Miscamble, W. (1993). George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, 1947-1950. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Soper, P. (2007). The politics of American light armor development from post-Vietnam to post-cold war. New York: ProQuest. This essay on The foreign policy of the United States was written and submitted by user Amanda Sefton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Introduction Great Smoky Mountains National Park is a US national park and a UNESCO world heritage site and covers the ridgeline of the Great Smoky Mountains and part of Blue Ridge Mountains (National Park Service US Department of the Interior 1). It is the most visited park and one of the largest protected areas in the US (Walls 7).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Great Smoky Mountains National Park specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It covers about 2108 km2 and forms part of the larger Appalachian Mountain Chain (Saferstein1). Unlike other national parks within the US, the Great Smoky National Park does not charge any entry fee (Walls 7). History of the Park The region covered by the park was once the home of Cherokee Indians (Himiak 11). However, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830 which resulted in the eviction of the Indian tribes from the region (National Park Service US Depart ment of the Interior 1). The white settlers later on built a rail line passing through the region but then started cutting and hauling of the trees from the forest. This led to the destruction of the forest and its natural beauty until the locals and the visitors saw the need to preserve the forest. They then (along with the US government) raised some money to establish the park since the US National Park Service did not have enough finances to establish the park on its own (Campbell 3). Individual citizens from North Carolina and Tennessee came in to help assemble the land for the establishment of the park. Those who still lived in the park, mainly the Cherokee Indians, miners and loggers, were forced out of the park and all the operations which contributed to the destruction of the forest were abolished (Saferstein 56). The park was officially instituted in June, 1934 by the US Congress and dedicated in 1940 by President Franklin Roosevelt (Himiak 22). The Works Progress Administr ation, the Civilian Conservation Corps and other federal organizations developed the infrastructure in the park and around Smoky Mountains during the Great Depression (National Park Service US Department of the Interior 1).Advertising Looking for term paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In 1976, the park became an International Biosphere Reserve and in 1983, it was certified by UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 1988, the park was expanded to become part of the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve (National Park Service US Department of the Interior 1). Attractions and Uniqueness of the Park According to the US National Parks (para. 1), the park is renowned for its diversity in plant and animal species. For example, the national park has over 10,000 different plant and animal species, its scenic ancient mountains, the depth of its wilderness sanctuary, and the remnants of the Southern Appalachian Moun tain culture, among others. It has ridges of endless forest covering the border between North Carolina and Tennessee. The park has one of the largest temperate, deciduous and old growth forest blocks which date as far back as during the time of the European settlement in the region. The trees species alone are over a hundred. The animal species include over 66 mammal species, over 43 amphibian species, over200 species of birds, over 39 species of reptiles and more than species of 50 species of fish. It is also important to note that the park has over 1,800 black bear (National Park Service US Department of the Interior 9). The park also has a number of historical sites, such as the Cades Cove, Cataloochee, Mingus Mill and Mountain Museums. These historic sites have many preserved historic buildings such as the log cabins, churches and barns which provide an outdoor historic gallery. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park has some high altitude mountains like Mount LeConte which is very popular with hikers. The park has some of the most spectacular waterfalls like Laurel, Abrams, Whank, Grotto and Hen Wallow Falls. It has other beautiful sceneries which include Fontana Dam situated between Rocky Mountains, the Deep Creek rivers and waterfalls, the Balsam Mountain which offers a stunning mountain view for summer wildflowers, the Roaring Rock which offers a glimpse of rushing Mountain Rivers and old-growth forest and the New Found Gap among many other beautiful types of scenery. Around the park, there is the Andrew Johnson Historic site which was established in honor of the United States’ 17th president. It includes the late president’s home where he resided before and after his presidency. There is also the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area covering about 125,000 acres around Cumberland River and its tributaries (Kephart 4). This region has many natural and historic features which include beautiful sandstone bluffs and scenic gorge s. In the nearby North Carolina, there are the Pisgah and Nantahala Forests which offer rich wildlife, spectacular waterfalls and areas for camping.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Great Smoky Mountains National Park specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Activities The park offers a wide range of activities which include wildlife viewing, hiking, fishing, camping, horseback riding, boat riding among other activities. Hiking is the most popular activity in the park and the park provides many routes for hiking on the elevations of the mountains (Public Service Ads 1). Fishing is the second most popular activity in the park done in the waters within the park. Fontana Dam provides cool waters for boat riding and fishing in the park. Transportation The main entrances to the park are located are on the New Gap Road, US Highway 441. From the south, the park can be reached through Sevierville and then through Pigeon For ge using US-441 and finally to the park using the Gatlinburg entrance. From the north it can be reached through the interstate highway, through to Maryville and then Townsend and finally to the park using the Townsend entrance. Cherokee entrance can be reached through US-19 and then through Maggie Valley road to the park. There are also two airports around the park: McGhee-Tyson Park in Tennessee which is a few kilometers from the Gatlinburg entrance and Asheville Regional Airport in North Carolina which is about 60 miles away from Cherokee entrance to the park. Although there is no public transport to the park, there are private commercial bus services and trolley services such as Cherokee Transit, connecting the park to the main cities around the region. Inside the park, there are also roads that lead to the various sites and sceneries such as Ramsey Prong Road, Capes Code Loop Road, Foothills Parkway and many others. Infrastructure and Concessions The park has many well-maintaine d roads connecting it to the outside regions and within it for exploring the park. The park is also connecting to the outside world through the two airports in the regions around it. It has lodges, motels and restaurants as well as camp sites for tourists. It provides recreational vehicle camping and background camping (Walls 7). Some of the lodges in the park include the Mt. LeConte Shelter, Laurel Gap Shelter and Kephart Shelter (Public Service Ads 1). The Park’s Visitors The park is the most visited national park in the US and records over nine million visitors annually (National Park Service US Department of the Interior, 1). It experienced the highest visit among the US national parks in 2007 with a record of 9.4 million visitors which was more than double that of Grand Canyon National Park which was the second most visited (Walls 5). Most of its visitors come from the surrounding regions and towns which include Gatlinburg, North Carolina, Tennessee, Cherokee, Townsend, Pigeon Forge, and Bryson City among many other areas.Advertising Looking for term paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The most visited centers in the park are and Oconaluftee Visitors’ Center and Sugarlands Visitors’ Center. The categories of visitors recorded in the park include both those who go purely for recreation and those who go for other purposes such as studies and scientific research. Most of the visitors in the park are hikers who go to hike in the rails and the unpaved roads within the park. It is open to visitors throughout the year, but the most appropriate period to visit the park is during the autumn when the region experiences warm days and cool nights (Public Service Ads 1). Concerns extraneous to the Park There are several factors that affect the park. Among these include air pollution, urban encroachment, inadequate funding and invasive species among other problems. According to Camille (28), the air quality around the park is affected by pollution from industries and automobiles and mostly from the coal fired power plants which release greenhouse gases into the at mosphere. The severe air pollution negatively affects the biodiversity in the park (National Parks Conservation Association 1). Air pollution causes diseases in the plants which have killed almost all the chestnut trees and is also threatening future of butternuts and dogwoods as well as beech trees. Some normative plant species also affect the survival of the native species within the park. Invasive insects also threaten the future of Fraser firs and hemlock trees (Maldona 14). Generally, the invasive species destroy the biodiversity and hence undermining the ecological health of the wildlife in the park. The park’s efforts to preserve its cultural resources are negatively affected by the underfunding of the park’s management and that of the National Park Service. Summary The Great Smoky Mountains National Park was established in 1934 by the US Congress to protect the beautiful forest and forest features around Smoky Mountains and since then has achieved greater statu s including being the International Biosphere Reserve and the Southern Appalachian Biosphere Reserve. It has over 10,000 wildlife species of both flora and fauna, which includes among others the black bear and the old growth forest. It also boasts of many historic sites as well as beautiful sceneries such as waterfalls and gorges. It serves all the US citizens and entry to the park is free. It is also the most visited park in the US. Infrastructure both inside and outside the park is well maintained and includes the road network, airports, lodges among others. Conclusion The Great Smoky Mountains National Park is one of the largest and the most visited in the US. It is therefore important that measures that ensure that the park’s cultural and natural resources are conserved and managed sustainably. More scientific research should be carried out to find out alternative measures for encountering the normative species. This implies that more funding should be made to help suppor t the park’s conservation and preservation programs. Works Cited Camille, Feanne. Smokies top list of most polluted parks. 2004. Web. Campbell, Chis. The making of a national park. Knoxville, Tennessee: University of Tennessee Press. 1964 print. Himiak, Lauren. National and State Parks: Great Smoky Mountains National Park. 2010. Web. Kephart, Horace. Our Southern Highlanders. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. 1961 Print. Maldona, Charles. Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Hazy Future. Metropulse. 2009. New Report Ranks Five Most-Polluted. Web. National Parks. National Parks Conservation Association. 2004. Web. National Park Service US Department of the Interior. Great Smoky Mountains. nps.gov. November 2010. Web. Public Service Ads. Things to do: Smoky Mountains. 2010. Web. November 2010.US National Parks. Great Smoky Mts. National Park: Tennessee and North Carolina. ParkReservations.com and Yellowstone Net, Bruce Courtley, 2007. 12 Walls, Michael. Parks and Recrea tionin the United States: The National Park System. Washington, D.C. Resources for the Future. 2009. Print. This term paper on Great Smoky Mountains National Park was written and submitted by user Abraham England to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay

buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan Abstract This study explores the psychoanalytic therapeutic intervention for a sociopathic young man. Nebert is a victim of childhood abuse in the hands of his drunken and impoverished parents. His mental disorientation attests to the fact that his condition is a product of the negative upbringing. The client had sought a form of defensive mechanism that was illustrated in criminal conduct, violence, and rudeness towards his peers and seniors. The process of treatment was based on the need to confront the negative associations that the client had attached to certain objects in his mental universe. The therapy sought to establish a break that would reclaim the client from the weight of the influence of past abuses. The desired outcome of the therapy was behavioral changes and the pursuit of moral goals by the client. At the end of the therapy, the client was able to recognize his weakness of character within the wider picture of the influence of an abusive upbringing. Accordingly, he expressed readiness for positive adjustment of the self. Presenting concerns Nebert is a 26 year old jobless and homeless young man. Nebert is exceptionally bright with high school academic records showing that he is an above average individual. He held top positions several times and has received several presents for academic excellence. Nebert is the only son of his parents who are separated. He has spent much of his time with his mother who educated him from the proceeds of selling cheap liquor. Nebert has witnessed his parents fights occasionally and is also aware that his mother engages in prostitution to supplement for her meager income. He was admitted to University to pursue a degree course in medicine. He dropped out of the university twice but was taken back by his mother. Nebert was eventually expelled from the university and has turned to petty crime for the purposes of financing his drinking and drug attachments. Nebert is extremely rude to his peers and superiors and keeps to himself most of the time. Occasionally he falls into problems with law enforcement agents and has been arrested and charged for minor offences several times. Currently, his relationship with his mother is icy although they meet occasionally. However, he has severed his links with his father completely and does not wish to relate to him in any manner. His father, who is an alcoholic, has started another family in the adjacent slum of which Nebert is aware. Further information suggests that Nebert incurred prolonged physical abuse from his father and occasionally also from his mother. The young man can and has often displayed characteristics of violence. His main targets are elderly men and his more stable and successful peers. Case conceptualization It appears that Neberts problems are rooted in his upbringing. As child Nebert naturally perceived of his family and the parents as the ideal. He did not envision a possibility of an existence beyond the frame of reference supplied by his relationship with his parents and his home. But when the home he trusted turned abusive, violent and disorderly, Nebert might have adopted a completely different perspective about the world. He began perceiving the world as a cruel place that cannot nurture the tender feelings and aspirations of children. This reality might have sunk deeper with the physical brutalities meted out on him and his mother especially from his father. The source of protection was quickly and dangerously reversing into a system of internal abuse. Nebert did not have the opportunity to experience parental love. He was lacking both in material and emotional resources. His impoverished parents could not adequately cover for his needs. The situation was worsened by the fact that both his father and mother were alcoholics. Consequently, Nebert grew up in a loveless environment that was informed by frequent quarrels and fights between his parents. These hostilities and quarrels appear to have embedded themselves in his subconscious mind. The development of the self was inhibited by the influences of poverty and violence. Nebert might have imagined that his situation was peculiarly out of order especially when he looked at other families in the neighborhood that seemed to cope well with situations. Poverty, conflict, and disrespect appear to be fundamental building blocks to his misery. The situation was even worsened by the fact the family eventually ended up breaking. In his mind, the eventual break up of the family symbolized a final collapse of the only citadel of protection that he had known despite its apparent disorder. The self remained formless in a way that could not be reconciled to the situation in his life. Neberts inability to bond with his peers is a representation of the fact that he considers himself inferior to others who come from relatively stable families. His rudeness to his seniors would be interpreted as a payback gesture to a generation that has denied him his rights as a child. The maladjustment of his personality is a response against the stifling forces that have seized his destiny (Bower, 2005). He appears to consider his existnce as a default phenomenon. As a defensive mechanism, Nebert sought to compensate the shame of his family in education. He seems to have made up his mind to work hard in school with the objective of reversing the situation at home. This resolve was meant to be a demonstration to the society of the good side of his background. The consequence of this subconscious decision is seen in his impressive academic record, which he sustains from high school to university. However, things appear to have collapsed at the moment when his parents eventually broke up. There was no longer any pride to defend or any family name to sustain. The unfolding of the negative events appears to have dampened his enthusiasm for academic excellence. The subconscious mind might have recorded the heavy blow with the final response that he was not willing to adjust in any positive sense (Fonagy, 2001). There also appears to be an oedipal complex to the situation. Although Nebert does not wish to mend relations with his parents, he is particularly hostile to his father. In some sense, he perceives his father as the author of the familys downfall. It might also be possible that Nebert unconsciously blames his father for standing in the way of motherly love, which he yearned for but never really received. It is for this reason that he demonstrates a certain element understanding towards his mother. At the level of the self, Nebert perceives of himself as having been born in a world of evil men who are both uncaring and violent towards those they have to protect. Accordingly, he adjusts his attitudes in a negative fashion towards his father and fellow men. His self seeks out for the most convenient method to relieve childhood trauma. The only available method for him to releave his trauma appears to be violence and crime. One of the methods he uses is rudeness particularly against the elderly men in the society. He considers them as part of the network of the evil male ensemble that was behind the collapse of his home. The self believes that it can only redeem itself by shielding away from all forms of association with these forces of destruction. This subconscious decision eventually boils down to his personality, which is aloof and unpredictable. Another dimension that illustrates the efforts of the self to redeem itself is to be found in Neberts criminal nature. Nebert has been brought up in an impoverished environment. Part of his familys problems and its eventually disintegration can be considered to be products of poverty. Any family unit requires a certain level of material and financial resources in order for it to function at the very basic level. Neberts family appears to have sunk below the mark of the irreducible minimum. Psychoanalytically, poverty has a demeaning aspect to the development of the self. Victims of poverty begin to imagine themselves as being sub-human. They occasionally imagine themselves to have descended to the level of animals. It was partly because of this reason that the family experienced to frequent bouts of violence. Studies have found out that there are possibilities for the occurrences of reactionary domestic violence, which result out of poverty (Fonagy, 2001). As a defense mechanism against the seemingly unstoppable descent into further violence, Nebert might have thought of crime as the necessary safeguard and the last alternative. Through stealing and pilferage, Nebert considered himself to be exerting some form of responsibility to the society. At the subconscious level, he holds a deep-seated grudge against the society which he considers complicit in his familys misfortune. It might be precisely because of this reason that he adopts a personality of rudeness and aloofness against the society. By stealing, he appears to consider the fact that he is simply reclaiming the equilibrium that should have existed had his family remained stable. He considers himself opposed to the world in which he lives. His self considers of everything around him as some form of great conspiracy that are part of an elaborate plan to design his damnation. It is partly because of this reason that he chooses to drop out of university. His suspicious self appears to link up the institution with every other reality that torments his conscience. This suspicion was fostered during his childhood at the point when he realized that his parents could not sustain any form of love for him. The psychoanalytical configuration that works in him establishes some form of dichotomous relationship between the world and him. His self establishes a system of difference that sets the world apart as an entity that exists outside his sphere of feelings and interests. The world according to him is a remote existence founded on the ideals of selfishness, violence, hopelessness, and betrayal. He can only relate to this world in terms of attack, conquest, or vengeance. Although education would have been a more convenient way to establish some form of reconciliation with this distant world, Nebert opts for a method that would further perpetuate his desire to wrest from the world the privileges and rights that were denied to him as a child. Goals and Interventions The process of helping Nebert innvolved a structural awakening to his true condition. I sought to help Nebert see the bigger picture of his weaknesses. The main objective of the therapy was to awaken Nebert to the fact that there was a singular force that was controlling his personality especially in the negative sense. The process of therapy was targeted at the core of his self. Helping Nebert involved a gradual process of supplying his psychoanalytic structures with a fresh set of objectives by which he might learn to redefine his world view. In the long run the therapy was aimed at reclaiming Nebert from the defensive processes by which he had established his streak of petty crime and negative personality traits. I explained to him in plain terms that there were alternative ways through which he could perceive the world without bitterness and grudge. I sought to explain to him that although he failed to find love from his parents, the environment in which he lived was full of people who were angling for an opportunity to engage with him in meaningful ways. I asked him to consider extending feelings of love and concern particularly for his mother who had remained concerned about his welfare. My task involved reminding him of the specific incidences in his life in which his mother had sought to compensate for the love she failed to give him during his upbringing. This was an illustration that his parents might be hurting out of guilt for not having given him the love that he deserved. However, I also reminded him that his parents still had important roles to play in his future. These conciliatory advices were meant to assist Nebert in undergoing some meaningful transformation in the self, which would help him reunite with his environment. Therapeutic measures for a psychoanalytically estranged individual must involve express gestures to reclaim his trust and confidence in the objects and systems that he had learnt to distance himself from. Some of the objects that were fundamental in the rebuilding of his world view are his parents, people in authority, the elderly, his peers and the learning institutions. Studies have shown that victims with psychological disorders tend to construct negative monstrous associations in the objects that they attribute to their misfortunes (Fonay Target, 2003). However, these responses take place at the subconscious level and the individual may not be aware that he or she is acting out of form. Such individuals lock themselves up in private worlds which they construct in their mental universe. Their intention is to escape from the larger world which they deem oppressive and cruel to their survival. I welcomed him to the idea of how he might change if only he went back to college to complete his studies. I helped him realize that his character was simply a natural reaction to a past that he could not change. I sought to explain to him that his criminal aspects were injuring some other people in the same way and even in greater proportions than what he was underground. An important dimension in this therapy was to awaken Nebert to the fact that the society was not part of his mistakes. I told him that some other people may have experienced worse situations but did not choose either crime or rudeness as their options. By giving him this information, I was trying to make him realize how important it was for him to consider life on a more positive note. At his young age, I told him that he still had many opportunities to mend things and impact positively even to his separated and previously abusive parents. Conclusion At the end of the lengthy therapy, Nebert had acknowledged the fact that he could engage with the world in a positive way than he had done in the past. He had accepted that to mend fences with his parents and reestablish interest in his academic pursuits. Precisely, Nebert accepted to pursue a course in programming. The therapy session had achieved the objective of a different a psychoanalytical locus based on positive relations with the world around him. Nebert also realized that the world was full with opportunities that could compensate for what he had lost in the abusive upbringing. Several psychoanalytic studies agree on the need to reconfigure the mental processes of maladjusted individuals by awakening them to revised models of perceptions of the world around them. Theories and concepts that underpin these studies suggest that the mental limitations and personality deformities are structural. The argument is that these deformities are anchored and sustained by historical factors that create a defective mental universe in the psyche of the victim (Gaddini Limentani, 1992). Consequently, the individual adopts certain responses that are aimed towards dislodging these structures from his or her mental system. The danger often is that these victims tend to generalize their defensive mechanisms in the general direction of the perceived enemy. In extreme cases, such reactions tend to condense into sociopathic habits that endanger the society and the victims themselves. In the case of Nebert, the response was aimed at reversing the perceptions of the structures in a way that would assist in the development of positive associations between him and the objective world around him. Buy custom A Conceptualization and Treatment Plan essay

List of countries for Obscure Country Project Research Paper - 1

List of countries for Obscure Country Project - Research Paper Example It has some great geographical sites spread all over the region which might prove to be of interest to the tourists. The Northern areas of Pakistan consist of mountains with snow which range over from 1000 to more than 8000 metres. There are a total 14 over 8000 metre peaks in the world and 4 of these peaks are located within Pakistan. These peaks are K-2, Broad Peak, Gasherbum and Nanga Parbat. Moreover the northern regions also have the widespread glaciers which are usually found in the Polar regions of the world (PTDC 2011; CIA 2011). The state of Pakistan is divided into five provinces namely Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and North West Frontier Province. The climate of Pakistan is not of concern to people as it is mostly hot in the regions of Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab. Because of the desert conditions in Sindh and Balochistan the temperature is dry and arid. On the other hand the northern region of north West Frontier Province is cold on the peaks. But here also it can be said that the climate is suitable for people visiting the country. Catastrophes which have to be feared in the region of Pakistan are related to the seismic plates. Earthquakes and floods are common in certain regions. A major flood hit Pakistan in the months of July and August in 2010. Other than that the country does not face from any other problem of catastrophes with the weather (CIA 2011; PTDC 2011). Points of Tourism Pakistan has different spots for tourism and these relate to different adventures. The mountainous areas pertain to these different spots. The Karakoram, Silk Route, and other glaciers are sights which are worth seeing because of their natural significance. The beauty of these regions can be witnessed in the natural resources found in these regions. Moreover the country has different parks, rivers, forests and plains which are worth seeing. All these sites have their own significance as they relate to something important in Pakistan. Birds of different species can be f ound in the forests and blind dolphins can be found in the Arabian Sea which are famous all over the world for their beauty. Ayubia National Park is one of the most famous parks in Pakistan and is worth a visit. The religions practiced in the region of Pakistan are also worth a visit by the ones who are interested in religious tourism. Forts can also be found in different cities of Pakistan which clearly shows the importance of historical tourism in Pakistan. Similarly the remains of old civilizations of Gandhara can also be found in this region (PTDC 2011). Goods, Services and Native Plants and Animals The goods and services in country relate to different methods. People belonging to lower class are seen to be working in industries and agriculture. Textile industries are the most useful for the country as they help the country to increase their exports. Moreover the agricultural industry is booming within the country as many of the people feed their family on it in Pakistan (CIA 20 11). Alpine, coniferous and subalpine trees are found in the northern regions of Pakistan. Shisham is a type of tree found in the Salt Ranges of Pakistan and scrub plants along with dwarf palm are found in the province of Balochistan. Thorn trees are found in the hotter regions of Pakistan as they can survive a higher temperature. Mangrove forests are also